Assessment of Response to Moderate and High Dose Supplementation of Astaxanthin in Laying Hens

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the impact of moderate and high dose dietary supplementation of astaxanthin on production performance, quality of eggs, and health status of laying hens. The experiment involved 480 laying hens, divided into four groups of eight replicates. The different groups named A1, A2, A3, and A4 were allocated the same diet supplemented with Haematococcus pluvialis powder to provide 0, 21.3, 42.6, and 213.4 mg of astaxanthin per kilogram of feed, respectively. One-way ANOVA and linear and quadratic regression analysis were used to assess the differences between the groups. The results showed that the production performance of laying hens and the physical quality of eggs did not significantly differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Astaxanthin distribution in tissues was typical per bird, whereas the egg yolk coloration and astaxanthin concentration increased with the supplementation dose (p < 0.001). However, there was a decrease in concentration and coloration efficacy of astaxanthin at high dose supplementation (213.4 mg/kg) compared to moderate doses (21.3 and 42.6 mg/kg). Blood biochemical tests showed some discrepancies that were not ascribed to the effect of diets, and the increase in liver weight in the A4 group compared to others was equated with an adaptation of laying hens to the high dose supplementation. Astaxanthin improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and diminished malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both liver and serum; meanwhile, the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in serum were similar between the moderate doses and high dose supplementation. Additionally, astaxanthin alleviated interleukin 2, 4, and 6 (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6, respectively) in serum, showing the best effect in A3 and A4 groups. Besides, immunoglobulin G and M (IgG and IgM), as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and beta (TNF-α and TNF-β), were not much affected. It was concluded that although astaxanthin has no obvious adverse effect on the performance and health status of laying hens, it may not be valuable for egg fortification and health status improvement of laying hens at high dose supplementation. The high dose astaxanthin supplementation up to 213.4 mg/kg in the diet might be avoided.

Keywords: antioxidant; astaxanthin; egg yolk color; high dose; immunity; inflammation; laying hen; moderate dose.

Figure 1

Egg yolk color score tests on week 12. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (n = 8). a–d: different superscript letters within a same pattern indicate significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). A1, A2, A3, A4 = group supplemented with astaxanthin at 0 mg/kg, 21.3 mg/kg, 42.6 mg/kg, 213.4 mg/kg of diet, respectively. CIE L*a*b* score = International Commission on Illumination score where L* = lightness, a* = redness, and b* = yellowness. RYCF score = Roche yolk color fan score.

Figure 2

Distribution of astaxanthin in tissues of laying hens under A4 group. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation. a–c: different superscript letters indicate significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). A4 = laying hens supplemented 213.4 mg/kg of astaxanthin in the diet.