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Review
. 2021 Apr 20;13(8):1345.
doi: 10.3390/polym13081345.

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Md Saifur Rahman  1 , Md Saif Hasan  2 , Ashis Sutradhar Nitai  2 , Sunghyun Nam  3 , Aneek Krishna Karmakar  2 , Md Shameem Ahsan  2 , Muhammad J A Shiddiky  4 , Mohammad Boshir Ahmed  5
Affiliations
Review

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Md Saifur Rahman et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising cellulose derivatives. Due to its characteristic surface properties, mechanical strength, tunable hydrophilicity, viscous properties, availability and abundance of raw materials, low-cost synthesis process, and likewise many contrasting aspects, it is now widely used in various advanced application fields, for example, food, paper, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, energy production, and storage energy production, and storage and so on. Many research articles have been reported on CMC, depending on their sources and application fields. Thus, a comprehensive and well-organized review is in great demand that can provide an up-to-date and in-depth review on CMC. Herein, this review aims to provide compact information of the synthesis to the advanced applications of this material in various fields. Finally, this article covers the insights of future CMC research that could guide researchers working in this prominent field.

Keywords: 3D bio-printing; CMC; bio-sensing; drug delivery; energy production; food; pharmaceutical; textile; water treatment; wound dressing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 4
Figure 4
Various applications of CMC in food. (a) Assembly of CMC in coating composition [198]. Reproduced with permission from [198]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Application of CMC in bio-sensing and bio-imaging (a); Schematic display of the preparation of the MNP-PAMAM-PtNP and the XO/MNP-PAMAM-PtNP/rGO-CMC/GCE enzyme electrode. Reproduced with permission from [319]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier; (b) Drug release profile from the multifunctional nanoparticles [329]; (c) Schematic representation of Zn0.50Cd0.50S quantum dots stabilized by CMC polymer (not to scale). Reproduced with permission from [327]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier; (d) The mechanism for Tyr-catalyzed electrochemical detection of catechol. Reproduced with permission from [320]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley and Sons; (e) phase contrast image; (f) florescent image of MCF7 cells (g) phase contrast image; (h) florescent image of L929 cells with folate conjugated CMC with QDs [329]; SEM images of CMC/cellulose nanofibers (i), and PANI/CMC/cellulose nanofibers (j). Reproduced with permission from [316]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
Figure 1
Figure 1
The fundamental structural difference between cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Chemical reactions of CMC synthesis from cellulose [6,7,19,31,32,157].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of CMC production from its various precursors.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic representation of the textile-based CMC application.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) The schematic diagram of in-house built 3D bio-printer [230]; (b,c) Young’s and Reduced Modulus of alginate/CMC hydrogels (In the case of alginate/CMC, the shear-thinning effect is more pronounced, reflecting the better possibility of this hybrid material bio-print the clinically relevant scaffolds [230]; (d) Pictures show multi-material printing of thick (>3 mm in height) scaffolds. (i,ii) Top (i) and side (ii) views of NorCMC (1:2) scaffold printed with Pluronic (red). (iii,iv) Scaffold after Pluronic is dissolved in PBS. (v,vi) NorCMC (1:2) scaffolds printed with fast degrading cCMC (1:4) (red). Scale bars are 5 mm. Reproduced with permission from [235]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (e) SEM images of the dried CMC-GC gels with different compositions. Reproduced with permission from [208]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (f) Photos of the neat PDMS and composite Na–CMC/PDMS filaments used in FDM; SEM images, at different magnification [233]; (g,h) the composite filament printed in layers. Arrows indicate the interface between different layers [233].
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Swelling ratio curve of Gel/MGs with 30 mg/mL, MGs were incubating in different pH. (b) Picture of Gel/MGs after incubating in different pH for six h. Values reported are an average n = 5, ± standard deviation. (c,d) The BSA release profile of MGs, MS, Gel/MGs, Gel/MS in different pH. (e,f) AgSD release profile of MGs, MS, Gel/MGs, Gel/MS in different pH. Values reported are an average n = 5, ± standard deviation. Reproduced with permission from [240]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Various applications of CMC in pharmaceuticals. (a) Schematic representation of drug carrier function of pH-sensitive CCMC. Reproduced with permission from [341]. Copyright 2008, John Wiley and Sons; (b) schematic representation of temperature-sensitive drug carrier CMC-g-PNIPAM/CSg-PNIPAM (Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide) and function of the drug (5-FU) release thermosensitive carrier; (c) function of CMC based multidrug resistive carrier. Reproduced with permission from [338]. Copyright 2011, Royal Society of Chemistry; (d) function of CMC derivative in anticancer drugs [333]; (e) schematic representation of fabrication of CMC microneedle array for transdermal drug delivery; (f) the delivery path of ophthalmic drugs.
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