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Review
. 2021 Apr 28;11(5):1156.
doi: 10.3390/nano11051156.

Enzyme Immobilization on Gold Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors

Wiktoria Lipińska  1 , Katarzyna Grochowska  1 , Katarzyna Siuzdak  1
Affiliations
Review

Enzyme Immobilization on Gold Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors

Wiktoria Lipińska et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

More than 50 years have passed since Clark and Lyon developed the concept of glucose biosensors. Extensive research about biosensors has been carried out up to this day, and an exponential trend in this topic can be observed. The scope of this review is to present various enzyme immobilization methods on gold nanoparticles used for glucose sensing over the past five years. This work covers covalent bonding, adsorption, cross-linking, entrapment, and self-assembled monolayer methods. The experimental approach of each modification as well as further results are described. Designated values of sensitivity, the limit of detection, and linear range are used for the comparison of immobilization techniques.

Keywords: adsorption; biosensor; covalent bonding; cross-linking; entrapment; enzyme immobilization; gold nanoparticles; self-assembled monolayers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The bar chart showing the number of analyzed results in Web of Science (WoS) for (a) enzymatic glucose biosensor, (b) gold nanoparticles enzyme immobilization.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Types of immobilization methods: (a) entrapment, (b) cross-linking, (c) covalent bonding, (d) adsorption, (e) self-assembled monolayers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) CV curves registered for GCE, Au/SLG/GCE, GOD/Fc/Au/SLG/GCE electrodes in PBS solution without (dash line) and with (solid line) 50 µM glucose; (b) schematic illustration of fabrication of GOD/Fc/Au/SLG/GCE electrode. Reprinted with permission from [57]; Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Schematic representation of the preparation of a GR/PPD/(AuNP)PPCA-GOx electrode, (b) dependence of current changes caused by (A) pH changes, (B) GOx concentration, (C) duration of activation, (D) duration of GOx coupling; (c) the relationship between current and glucose concentration. Reprinted with permission from [58]; Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Image (a), SEM image of Au-functionalized 3D hierarchically ZnO; image (b), the cyclic voltammetry curves registered for (a) ZnO/GCE, (b) Au-ZnO/GCE, (c) GOx/ZnO/GCE, (d) GOx/Au-ZnO/GCE in N2 saturated phosphate buffer solution; image (c), in O2 saturated PBS in various concentration of glucose for the GOx/Au-ZnO/GCE. Reprinted with permission from [59]; Copyright 2016, Elsevier.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Scheme of the fabrication of GCE modified with a GR-MWNTs/AuNPs/GOx layer, (b) cyclic voltammograms obtained for the modified electrodes. Reprinted with permission from [60]; Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Schematic representation of Langmuir–Blodgett films; (b) amperometric responses measured for different types of electrodes; (c) the corresponding calibration curves. Reprinted with permission from [61]; Copyright 2016, Elsevier.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Schematic representation of the preparation of PHCQE/AuNPs/GOx;(b) SEM image of PHCQE/AuNPs; (c) SEM image of PHCQE/AuNPs/GOx; (d) CV curves for PHCQE/AuNPs and PHCQE/AuNPs/GOx electrodes in 0.1 M PBS without and with glucose. Reprinted with permission from [62]; Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) Fabrication process of the Nafion/GOx/AuNPs/OPPy/AuMNs electrode, (b) chronoamperometry curve of the electrode in PBS with the successive addition of glucose. Reprinted with permission from [63]; Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Figure 10
Figure 10
(a) Schematic structure of glucose sensor electrode; (b) SEM image of the Chi-Py/Au; (c) SEM image of the Chi-Py/Au/GOx; (d) amperometric response of the enzymatic electrodes. Reprinted with permission from [66]; Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) The diagram showing the preparation of enzyme-modified electrodes; (b) CVs curves registered for different glucose oxidase concentrations; (c) CVs curves for the CHIT(GOx)/AuLr-TiND with glucose addition. Reprinted with permission from [28]; Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Figure 12
Figure 12
(a) Schematic representation of the preparation of Gr/PANI/AuNPs/GOD/SPCE electrode, (b) DPV curves of modified SPC electrode in 0.1 M PBS with glucose addition. Reprinted with permission from [68]; Copyright 2014, Elsevier.
Figure 13
Figure 13
(a) Scheme of the fabrication process of the biosensor; (b) SEM image of PVA/PEI NFs; (c) SEM image of PVA/PEI NFs/AuNPs; (d) Nyquist plots of impedance spectra for the ATP/PVA/PEI/AuNPs/GOx electrode with glucose addition in phosphate buffer solution. Reprinted with permission from [73]; Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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