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. 2021 Apr 28;18(9):4723.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094723.

Inequalities in the Global Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis of Trends from 1990 to 2019

Nóra Kovács  1 , Attila Nagy  2 , Viktor Dombrádi  3 , Klára Bíró  4
Affiliations

Inequalities in the Global Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis of Trends from 1990 to 2019

Nóra Kovács et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the burden of complications are increasing worldwide. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one serious complication. Our aim was to investigate the trends and inequalities of the burden of CKD due to T2DM between 1990 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange database. Age-standardized incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates of CKD were used to estimate the disease burden across the Human Development Index (HDI). Joinpoint regression was performed to assess changes in trend, and the Gini coefficient was used to assess health inequality. A higher incidence was observed in more developed countries (p < 0.001), while higher mortality and DALYs rates were experienced in low and middle HDI countries in 2019 (p < 0.001). The trend of incidence has increased since 1990 (AAPC: 0.9-1.5%), while slight decrease was observed in low HDI countries in mortality (APC: -0.1%) and DALYs (APC: -0.2%). The Gini coefficients of CKD incidence decreased from 0.25 in 2006 to 0.23 in 2019. The socioeconomic development was associated with disease burden. Our findings indicate that awareness of complications should be improved in countries with high incidence, and cost-effective preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic tools are necessary to implement in less developed regions.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; disease burden; global burden of disease; inequalities; socioeconomic development.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Time trends in (a) age-standardized incidence rates, (b) age-standardized mortality rates, and (c) age-standardized DALYs rates of CKD from 1990–2019. Dashed lines show the 95% uncertainty intervals.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Association between socioeconomic development and (a,b) ASIR, (c,d) ASMR, and (e,f) age-standardized DALYs rate of CKD in 2019. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Association between socioeconomic development and (a,b) ASIR, (c,d) ASMR, and (e,f) age-standardized DALYs rate of CKD in 2019. * p < 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Trends in the Gini coefficients calculated based on (a) age-standardized incidence rates, (b) age-standardized mortality rates, and (c) age-standardized DALY rates across 204 countries globally between 1990 and 2019.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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