Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 May;11(5):212.
doi: 10.1007/s13205-021-02735-6. Epub 2021 Apr 11.

Nanohybrid electrochemical enzyme sensor for xanthine determination in fish samples

Nirmal Kant Sharma  1 , Monika  1 , Ankur Kaushal  2 , Shikha Thakur  1 , Neerja Thakur  1 , Sheetal  1 , Dinesh Kumar  2 , Tek Chand Bhalla  1
Affiliations

Nanohybrid electrochemical enzyme sensor for xanthine determination in fish samples

Nirmal Kant Sharma et al. 3 Biotech. 2021 May.

Abstract

An amperometric biosensor for xanthine was designed, based on covalent immobilization of xanthine oxidase (XO) of Bacillus pumilus RL-2d onto a screen-printed multi-walled carbon nanotubes gold nanoparticle-based electrodes (Nano-Au/c-MWCNT). The carboxyl groups at the electrode surface were activated by the use of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide) (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The working electrode was then coated with 6 μL of xanthine oxidase (0.273 U/mg protein). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) study was done for the characterization of the sensor using [K3Fe(CN)6] as an artificial electron donor. The sensitivity (S) and the limit of detection (LOD) of the biosensor were 2388.88 µA/cm2/nM (2.388 µA/cm2/µM) and 1.14 nM, respectively. The developed biosensor was used for determination of fish meat freshness.

Keywords: Amperometric biosensor; Bacilluspumilus RL-2d; Xanthine oxidase (XO).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of InterestAuthors declare no conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic diagram for the xanthine oxidase/screen printed multiwalled carbon nano tubes gold nanoparticle based electrode (XO/ nano-Au/c-MWCNT)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a SEM image of bare electrode and b SEM image of enzyme immobilize electrode
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Cyclic voltammetric studies of xanthine oxidase based amperometric biosensor using different xanthine concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 10,000 nM at 50 mVs−1 using 5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6]. The inset A shows curve from 0.0001 to 10,000 nM with linear peak current (Ip). Inset B shows the linear plot from 0.0001 to 0.01 nM xanthine concentration for the calculation of sensitivity and LOD
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Cyclic voltammetric studies of xanthine oxidase based bio sensor for the detection of fish freshness. Sample 1: Fresh fish extract; Sample 2: Fish extract after five days
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Stability of the sensor measured as % relative peak current with a regular interval of 30 days for 4 months on storage at 4 °C
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Alomirah HF, Ali I, Gibbs BF, Konishi Y. Identification of proteolytic products as indicators of quality in ground and whole meat. J Food Qual. 1998;21:299–316.
    1. Arslan F, Yasar A, Kili E. An amperometric biosensor for xanthine determination prepared from xanthine oxidase immobilized in polypyrrole film. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2006;34:113–128. - PubMed
    1. Basniwal RK, Chauhan RPS, Parvez S, Jain VK. Development of cholesterol by chronoamperometric deposition of polyaniline-Ag nanocomposites. Int J Polym Mater. 2013;62:493–498.
    1. Bory C, Chanting C, Boulieu R. Comparison of capillary electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic determination of hypoxanthine and xanthine for the diagnosis of xanthinuria. J Chromatogr A. 1996;730:329–331. - PubMed
    1. Cai X, Kalcher K, Neuhold C. Simultaneous determination of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine with an electrochemically pretreated carbon paste electrode. Fresenius J Anal Chem. 1994;348:660–665.

LinkOut - more resources