Nanomaterial application in bio/sensors for the detection of infectious diseases

Abstract

Infectious diseases are a potential risk for public health and the global economy. Fast and accurate detection of the pathogens that cause these infections is important to avoid the transmission of the diseases. Conventional methods for the detection of these microorganisms are time-consuming, costly, and not applicable for on-site monitoring. Biosensors can provide a fast, reliable, and point of care diagnostic. Nanomaterials, due to their outstanding electrical, chemical, and optical features, have become key players in the area of biosensors. This review will cover different nanomaterials that employed in electrochemical, optical, and instrumental biosensors for infectious disease diagnosis and how these contributed to enhancing the sensitivity and rapidity of the various sensing platforms. Examples of nanomaterial synthesis methods as well as a comprehensive description of their properties are explained. Moreover, when available, comparative data, in the presence and absence of the nanomaterials, have been reported to further highlight how the usage of nanomaterials enhances the performances of the sensor.

Keywords: Electrochemical method; Infectious disease; Lateral flow strip; Nanomaterial; Optical method; Pathogen detection.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Schematic of different nanomaterials and biosensors used in detection infectious disease.

Fig. 2

A) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of the Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ nanoparticle, immobilization antibody, capturing S. pullorum and S. gallinarum from sample, sandwich complex dropped on AuNPs/4-SPCE electrode with permission ref [90], B) Presentation of the assay with enzymatic amplification colorimetric detection and nanoparticle-based amplification and electrochemical detection with permission ref [15] C) Biosensor with npcRNA for simultaneous detection of three pathogens with permission of ref [105] D) Ratiometric photoelectrochemical aptasensor with permission [119].

Fig. 3

A) Schematic of pyrolytic biosensor schema with permission ref [125]. B) Liposome enhanced plasmonic immunosensor with permission ref [126], C) Quantitative Immunoassay Based on SiO₂@PAA@CAT-Catalyzed growth of AuNPs with permission ref [127].

Fig. 4

A)The illustration of double channel coated by immunomagnetic bead and QDs with permission ref [139], B) The Schematic of NIR alloyed QD-MB designed biosensor with the permission of ref [144] C) The pattern of the Fe₃O₄-Ce6-Apt system for early sepsis diagnosis [148].

Fig. 5

The pattern of chemiluminescence biosensor A) Aptamer attachment and bacteria capturing B) Rolling circle amplification and Co²⁺enhanced signal probes with permission ref [153].

Fig. 6

A) Schematic of the synthesis nanogapped nanoparticles based on the polydopamine coating, B) Schematic of the synthetic sequence in producing hT-DENPs for recognition of E. coli O157: H7 C) Synthesis of silver-coated magnetic nanoparticles and their conjugation with aptamer 1, synthesis of core−shell plasmonic nanoparticles (AuNR− DTNB @Ag− DTNB) and their conjugation with aptamer 2 Operating principle for S. aureus detection.

Fig. 7

A) AgNPs for multiplexed detection, B) Multiplex detection of dengue, yellow fever, and Ebola viruses with permission ref [173] C) Fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay ref [177]. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)