Dynamic High-density Functional Substrate Mapping Improves Outcomes in Ischaemic Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation: Sense Protocol Functional Substrate Mapping and Other Functional Mapping Techniques

Abstract

Post-infarct-related ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs due to reentry over surviving fibres within ventricular scar tissue. The mapping and ablation of patients in VT remains a challenge when VT is poorly tolerated and in cases in which VT is non-sustained or not inducible. Conventional substrate mapping techniques are limited by the ambiguity of substrate characterisation methods and the variety of mapping tools, which may record signals differently based on their bipolar spacing and electrode size. Real world data suggest that outcomes from VT ablation remain poor in terms of freedom from recurrent therapy using conventional techniques. Functional substrate mapping techniques, such as single extrastimulus protocol mapping, identify regions of unmasked delayed potentials, which, by nature of their dynamic and functional components, may play a critical role in sustaining VT. These methods may improve substrate mapping of VT, potentially making ablation safer and more reproducible, and thereby improving the outcomes. Further large-scale studies are needed.

Keywords: Ventricular tachycardia; ablation; functional substrate mapping; substrate mapping.

Figure 1:. Ventricular Entrainment

Figure 2:. Pace-mapping

Figure 3:. Advisor HD Grid Mapping Catheter, Sensor Enabled and Schematic Diagram of the HD Wave Solution

Figure 4:. Sense Protocol Colour Maps of Late Potentials/Activation

Figure 5:. Functional Behaviour of Late Potentials

Figure 6:. Outcomes from Sense Protocol Mapping