Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia among Adults in Northwest China

Abstract

Objective: To understand the prevalence and its risk factors of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia among adults aged over 18 years in Northwest China and provide data for the prevention and control of chronic diseases in Northwest China.

Methods: Three waves of survey on chronic diseases and nutrition monitoring with multistage stratified cluster random sampling were conducted in 10 counties of Northwest China in 2013, 2015, and 2018, respectively. Personal information, socioeconomic status (SES), and behavioral risk factors (cigarettes smoking, alcohol consumption, diets, and physical activity) were collected by face-to-face interview. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured, and blood glucose and serum lipid were tested. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia of the three waves was estimated, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze their risk factors.

Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 41.59%, 11.16%, and 32.48%, respectively. Their standardized prevalence was 29.31%, 7.94%, and 31.54%. Univariate analysis showed that the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was significantly different among educational levels, marital status, occupation, smoking, drinking, central obesity, and BMI classification (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors like male gender, central obesity, overweight, and obesity were associated with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia (P < 0.05). High BMI index is one of the risk factors of the three diseases. The odds ratio (OR) of general overweight associated with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 1.663, 1.206, and 1.579 compared to normal body weight, respectively. And that was 3.094, 1.565, and 2.285 for obesity. Age was one of the risk factors for hypertension and diabetes (P < 0.05). Age groups of 45-59 years and 60 years and above were more associated with hypertension than of 18-44 age group (OR_{45-59 group} = 2.777, OR_{60 years and above} = 6.948), similar to their association with diabetes (OR_{45-59 group} = 2.357, OR_{60 years and above} = 3.521). Daily smoking is associated with diabetes and dyslipidemia (OR _{for diabetes} = 1.217, OR _{for dyslipidemia} = 1.287) and alcohol drinking associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia (OR _{for hypertension} = 1.014, OR _{for dyslipidemia} = 1.034). Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were also associated with each other (P < 0.05). The number of participants with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia accounted for 2.33% of all the participants, 15.60% for participants with hypertension and dyslipidemia, 4.58% for hypertension and diabetes, and 3.57% for diabetes and dyslipidemia, respectively.

Conclusion: Factors like male, smoking, drinking, central obesity, overweight, and obesity were associated with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in northwest China. Interventions on these risk factors and coexistence of the three diseases may help improve public health in this area.

Figure 1

The overlap of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in Northwest China. Note. A is hypertension, B is diabetes, and C is dyslipidemia. The percentages shown in each part of the figure are the proportion of the diseases in the population.