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Review
. 2021 Apr;7(4):e06894.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06894. Epub 2021 Apr 27.

Current updates on adaptive immune response by B cell and T cell stimulation and therapeutic strategies for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment

Neeraj Pal  1 , Anil Kumar Mavi  2 , Sundip Kumar  1 , Umesh Kumar  3 , Maya Datt Joshi  4 , Rohit Saluja  5
Affiliations
Review

Current updates on adaptive immune response by B cell and T cell stimulation and therapeutic strategies for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment

Neeraj Pal et al. Heliyon. 2021 Apr.

Abstract

The prevalence of COVID-19 continues to rise with more than 114,315,846 million confirmed cases and 2,539,427 deaths worldwide by 3 March 2021 and this number kept on increasing day by day. There is no clear therapeutic treatment or vaccine available for COVID-19 till date and by seeing such a high rise in the cases of COVID-19 on daily basis, it would have been necessary to implement precautions and hygienic measures to monitor and reduce human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 before there is any successful intervention/treatment available. Currently, several studies demonstrated the important improvements in both the innate and adaptive immune systems of COVID-19 patients. In particular, pre-existing research, on immune response to B cell and T cells are highlighting that pre-existing immunity exists in about 90% of the general population because of previous exposure to CoVs and having immunity against these CoVs. Although it is not clear from, the current studies on COVID-19 but it assumed that, it might have implication to COVID-19 severity and could play an important role in treatment or vaccine development against COVID-19. This review summarizes the information from occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 to its pathogenesis, transmission, adaptive immune response with respect to T cell and B cell stimulation and therapeutic interventions/treatment against COVID-19.

Keywords: B cell; COVID-19; Drugs; T cell; Vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Structure of coronavirus showing spike protein (S), membrane protein (M), envelope protein (E), lipid bilayer, nucleocaspid (N), RNA and Genomic organization of the SARS CoV-2. (b) Mechanism of transmission of SARS CoV-2 infection. (c) Pathogenesis of SARS CoV-2 in Host cell. (d) Stimulation of B cell and T cell memory and their potential relevance for effective immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Different approaches for the development of vaccine for COVID-19.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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