Recent developments in predicting CYP-independent metabolism

Abstract

As lead optimization efforts have successfully reduced metabolic liabilities due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, there has been an increase in the frequency of involvement of non-CYP enzymes in the metabolism of investigational compounds. Although there have been numerous notable advancements in the characterization of non-CYP enzymes with respect to their localization, reaction mechanisms, species differences and identification of typical substrates, accurate prediction of non-CYP-mediated clearance, with a particular emphasis with the difficulties in accounting for any extrahepatic contributions, remains a challenge. The current manuscript comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in the prediction of drug metabolism and the in vitro to in vitro extrapolation of clearance for substrates of non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes.

Keywords: Non-CYP enzymes; alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase; aldehyde oxidase; carboxylesterase; flavin-containing monooxygenase; glutathione-S-transferase; monoamine oxidase; sulfotransferase; UDP glucuronosyltransferase; xanthine oxidase.