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. 2020 Sep 4;5(1):e40.
doi: 10.1017/cts.2020.533.

Comparison of regression imputation methods of baseline covariates that predict survival outcomes

Nicole Solomon  1 , Yuliya Lokhnygina  1   2 , Susan Halabi  1   3
Affiliations

Comparison of regression imputation methods of baseline covariates that predict survival outcomes

Nicole Solomon et al. J Clin Transl Sci. .

Abstract

Introduction: Missing data are inevitable in medical research and appropriate handling of missing data is critical for statistical estimation and making inferences. Imputation is often employed in order to maximize the amount of data available for statistical analysis and is preferred over the typically biased output of complete case analysis. This article examines several types of regression imputation of missing covariates in the prediction of time-to-event outcomes subject to right censoring.

Methods: We evaluated the performance of five regression methods in the imputation of missing covariates for the proportional hazards model via summary statistics, including proportional bias and proportional mean squared error. The primary objective was to determine which among the parametric generalized linear models (GLMs) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and nonparametric multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), provides the "best" imputation model for baseline missing covariates in predicting a survival outcome.

Results: LASSO on an average observed the smallest bias, mean square error, mean square prediction error, and median absolute deviation (MAD) of the final analysis model's parameters among all five methods considered. SVM performed the second best while GLM and MARS exhibited the lowest relative performances.

Conclusion: LASSO and SVM outperform GLM, MARS, and RF in the context of regression imputation for prediction of a time-to-event outcome.

Keywords: Missing data; proportional hazards model; regression imputation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Performance of regression imputation methods for each summary statistic in simulations where C = 30% and M = 15%.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Performance of regression imputation methods for each summary statistic in simulations where C = 30% and M = 10%.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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