The Relationship Between Keratoconus Stage and the Thickness of the Retinal Layers

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the relationship between keratoconus (KC) stage and the thickness of the retinal layers.

Materials and methods: Retinal layer thicknesses were compared between 85 eyes of 85 KC patients and 40 eyes of 40 controls similar in age, sex, and axial length. KC patients were staged as stage 1, 2, or 3 according to the Amsler-Krumeich staging system, and segmentation of the retinal layers was performed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography automatic segmentation program. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the central 1 mm Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study subfield was analyzed.

Results: There was no significant difference between the control and KC groups in the segmentation of the RNFL, GCL, IPL, or OPL (p=0.306; p=0.661; p=0.893, p=0.664, respectively). The INL differed significantly between control and stage 2 KC, control and stage 3 KC, stage 1 and 2 KC, and stage 2 and 3 KC, increasing in thickness with higher stage (p=0.004; p=0.005: p=0.001; p=0.002, respectively). The RPE also differed significantly between control and stage 2 KC, control and stage 3 KC, stage 1 and 2 KC, and stage 2 and 3 KC, showing decreased thickness with higher stage (p=0.03; p=0.001; p=0.001; p<0.001, respectively). The ONL also thinned as stage increased, but the results were not statistically significant (p=0.051).

Conclusion: More advanced KC stage was associated with increased thickness of the INL layer, where the neuroglial cell bodies are located, and decreased thickness in the outer retinal layers, especially the RPE.

Keywords: Keratoconus; optical coherence tomography; oxidative stress; retinal layer thickness.

Figure 1

Automatic segmentation showing that the inner nuclear layer tends to be thicker in a patient with advanced keratoconus (a) compared to the control group (b)

Figure 2

Automatic segmentation showing that the retinal pigment epithelium layer tends to be thinner in a patient with advanced keratoconus (a) compared to the control group (b)