Abnormal prediction error processing in schizophrenia and depression

Abstract

To make adaptive decisions under uncertainty, individuals need to actively monitor the discrepancy between expected outcomes and actual outcomes, known as prediction errors. Reward-based learning deficits have been shown in both depression and schizophrenia patients. For this study, we compiled studies that investigated prediction error processing in depression and schizophrenia patients and performed a series of meta-analyses. In both groups, positive t-maps of prediction error tend to yield striatum activity across studies. The analysis of negative t-maps of prediction error revealed two large clusters within the right superior and inferior frontal lobes in schizophrenia and the medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral insula in depression. The concordant posterior cingulate activity was observed in both patient groups, more prominent in the depression group and absent in the healthy control group. These findings suggest a possible role in dopamine-rich areas associated with the encoding of prediction errors in depression and schizophrenia.

Keywords: depression; dopamine; fMRI; meta-analysis; prediction error; reward; schizophrenia.

FIGURE 1

PRISMA flowchart for eligibility of articles for fMRI meta‐analyses on reward prediction error. WoS=Web of Science; SCZ = Schizophrenia. MDD = Major depression disorder. # Modified

FIGURE 2

3D image from functional MRI studies on positive/negative correlates of prediction error signals in healthy controls and patients with depression and schizophrenia, compiled from fMRI studies

FIGURE 3

Positive prediction error in three groups. Positive correlates of prediction error signals

FIGURE 4

Negative prediction error in three groups. Negative correlates of prediction error signals