. 2021 Jun;8(6):500-511.

doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00077-8. Epub 2021 May 3.

Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual participant data

Toshi A Furukawa¹, Aya Suganuma², Edoardo G Ostinelli³, Gerhard Andersson⁴, Christopher G Beevers⁵, Jason Shumake⁵, Thomas Berger⁶, Florien Willemijn Boele⁷, Claudia Buntrock⁸, Per Carlbring⁹, Isabella Choi¹⁰, Helen Christensen¹¹, Andrew Mackinnon¹¹, Jennifer Dahne¹², Marcus J H Huibers¹³, David D Ebert¹⁴, Louise Farrer¹⁵, Nicholas R Forand¹⁶, Daniel R Strunk¹⁷, Iony D Ezawa¹⁷, Erik Forsell¹⁸, Viktor Kaldo¹⁹, Anna Geraedts²⁰, Simon Gilbody²¹, Elizabeth Littlewood²¹, Sally Brabyn²¹, Heather D Hadjistavropoulos²², Luke H Schneider²³, Robert Johansson⁹, Robin Kenter²⁴, Marie Kivi²⁵, Cecilia Björkelund²⁶, Annet Kleiboer¹³, Heleen Riper¹³, Jan Philipp Klein²⁷, Johanna Schröder²⁸, Björn Meyer²⁹, Steffen Moritz³⁰, Lara Bücker³⁰, Ove Lintvedt³¹, Peter Johansson³², Johan Lundgren³², Jeannette Milgrom³³, Alan W Gemmill³³, David C Mohr³⁴, Jesus Montero-Marin³, Javier Garcia-Campayo³⁵, Stephanie Nobis³⁶, Anna-Carlotta Zarski⁸, Kathleen O'Moore¹¹, Alishia D Williams³⁷, Jill M Newby³⁸, Sarah Perini³⁹, Rachel Phillips⁴⁰, Justine Schneider⁴¹, Wendy Pots⁴², Nicole E Pugh⁴³, Derek Richards⁴⁴, Isabelle M Rosso⁴⁵, Scott L Rauch⁴⁵, Lisa B Sheeber⁴⁶, Jessica Smith⁴⁷, Viola Spek⁴⁸, Victor J Pop⁴⁹, Burçin Ünlü⁵⁰, Kim M P van Bastelaar⁵¹, Sanne van Luenen⁵², Nadia Garnefski⁵², Vivian Kraaij⁵², Kristofer Vernmark⁵³, Lisanne Warmerdam⁵⁴, Annemieke van Straten¹³, Pavle Zagorscak⁵⁵, Christine Knaevelsrud⁵⁵, Manuel Heinrich⁵⁵, Clara Miguel¹³, Andrea Cipriani⁵⁶, Orestis Efthimiou⁵⁷, Eirini Karyotaki⁵⁸, Pim Cuijpers¹³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: furukawa@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
² Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵ Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁶ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁷ Patient Centred Outcomes Research Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁸ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
⁹ Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁰ Central Clinical School, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹¹ Black Dog Institute and University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
¹³ Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴ Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Chair for Psychology & Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University Munich, Germany.
¹⁵ Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁹ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden.
²⁰ Soulve Innovations, Utrecht, Netherlands.
²¹ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
²² Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
²³ Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
²⁴ Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
²⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²⁶ Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Luebeck University, Luebeck, Germany.
²⁸ Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
²⁹ Research Department, GAIA AG, Hamburg, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
³¹ Norwegian Center for E-health research, Tromsø, Norway.
³² Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
³³ Parent-Infant Research Institute and Austin Health, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³⁴ Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
³⁵ Aragon Institute for Health Research, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, Madrid, Spain.
³⁶ Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³⁸ School of Psychology, University of New South Wales at the Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³⁹ Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴⁰ Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁴¹ School of Sociology & Social Policy and Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
⁴² Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
⁴³ Private practice, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁴⁴ University of Dublin, Trinity College, School of Psychology, E-mental Health Research Group, Dublin, Ireland; SilverCloud Health, Clinical Research & Innovation, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁵ McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
⁴⁶ Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
⁴⁷ Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁴⁸ School of Applied Psychology, Fontys University of Applied Science, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
⁴⁹ Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ PsyQ Online, Haarlem, Netherlands.
⁵¹ Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵² Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵³ Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵⁴ National Health Care Institute, Diemen, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁵⁸ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

PMID: 33957075
PMCID: PMC8838916
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00077-8

Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual participant data

Toshi A Furukawa et al. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Jun.

. 2021 Jun;8(6):500-511.

doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00077-8. Epub 2021 May 3.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: furukawa@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
² Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵ Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
⁶ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁷ Patient Centred Outcomes Research Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁸ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
⁹ Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁰ Central Clinical School, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹¹ Black Dog Institute and University of New South Wales, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹² Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
¹³ Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴ Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Chair for Psychology & Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University Munich, Germany.
¹⁵ Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁹ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden.
²⁰ Soulve Innovations, Utrecht, Netherlands.
²¹ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
²² Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
²³ Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
²⁴ Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
²⁵ Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²⁶ Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Luebeck University, Luebeck, Germany.
²⁸ Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
²⁹ Research Department, GAIA AG, Hamburg, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
³¹ Norwegian Center for E-health research, Tromsø, Norway.
³² Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
³³ Parent-Infant Research Institute and Austin Health, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³⁴ Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
³⁵ Aragon Institute for Health Research, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, Madrid, Spain.
³⁶ Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³⁸ School of Psychology, University of New South Wales at the Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³⁹ Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴⁰ Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁴¹ School of Sociology & Social Policy and Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
⁴² Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
⁴³ Private practice, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁴⁴ University of Dublin, Trinity College, School of Psychology, E-mental Health Research Group, Dublin, Ireland; SilverCloud Health, Clinical Research & Innovation, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁵ McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
⁴⁶ Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
⁴⁷ Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁴⁸ School of Applied Psychology, Fontys University of Applied Science, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
⁴⁹ Department of Medical & Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ PsyQ Online, Haarlem, Netherlands.
⁵¹ Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵² Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵³ Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵⁴ National Health Care Institute, Diemen, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
⁵⁸ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

PMID: 33957075
PMCID: PMC8838916
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00077-8

Abstract

Background: Internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) is a viable delivery format of CBT for depression. However, iCBT programmes include training in a wide array of cognitive and behavioural skills via different delivery methods, and it remains unclear which of these components are more efficacious and for whom.

Methods: We did a systematic review and individual participant data component network meta-analysis (cNMA) of iCBT trials for depression. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published from database inception to Jan 1, 2019, that compared any form of iCBT against another or a control condition in the acute treatment of adults (aged ≥18 years) with depression. Studies with inpatients or patients with bipolar depression were excluded. We sought individual participant data from the original authors. When these data were unavailable, we used aggregate data. Two independent researchers identified the included components. The primary outcome was depression severity, expressed as incremental mean difference (iMD) in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores when a component is added to a treatment. We developed a web app that estimates relative efficacies between any two combinations of components, given baseline patient characteristics. This study is registered in PROSPERO, CRD42018104683.

Findings: We identified 76 RCTs, including 48 trials contributing individual participant data (11 704 participants) and 28 trials with aggregate data (6474 participants). The participants' weighted mean age was 42·0 years and 12 406 (71%) of 17 521 reported were women. There was suggestive evidence that behavioural activation might be beneficial (iMD -1·83 [95% credible interval (CrI) -2·90 to -0·80]) and that relaxation might be harmful (1·20 [95% CrI 0·17 to 2·27]). Baseline severity emerged as the strongest prognostic factor for endpoint depression. Combining human and automated encouragement reduced dropouts from treatment (incremental odds ratio, 0·32 [95% CrI 0·13 to 0·93]). The risk of bias was low for the randomisation process, missing outcome data, or selection of reported results in most of the included studies, uncertain for deviation from intended interventions, and high for measurement of outcomes. There was moderate to high heterogeneity among the studies and their components.

Interpretation: The individual patient data cNMA revealed potentially helpful, less helpful, or harmful components and delivery formats for iCBT packages. iCBT packages aiming to be effective and efficient might choose to include beneficial components and exclude ones that are potentially detrimental. Our web app can facilitate shared decision making by therapist and patient in choosing their preferred iCBT package.

Funding: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests TAF reports grants from Japan Society for Promotion of Science, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Mitsubishi-Tanabe, personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from Shionogi, outside the submitted work; a patent 2018-177688 concerning smartphone CBT apps pending; and an intellectual properties for Kokoro-app licensed to Tanabe-Mitsubishi. AC reports personal fees from Italian Network for Paediatric Trials and CARIPLO Foundation; and grants and personal fees from Angelini Pharma, outside the submitted work. EGO reports personal fees from Angelini Pharma, outside the submitted work. PCa reports personal fees from Osmond Foundation and Sandoz, outside the submitted work. JD is co-owner of Behavioral Activation Tech LLC, a small business that develops and evaluates mobile app-based treatments for depression and co-occurring disorders. DDE has served as a consultant to or on the scientific advisory boards of Sanofi, Novartis, Minddistrict, Lantern, Schoen Kliniken, Ideamed, German health insurance companies (BARMER, Techniker Krankenkasse), and a number of federal chambers for psychotherapy; is a stakeholder of the Institute for health training online (GET.ON), which aims to implement scientific findings related to digital health interventions into routine care. NRF is an employee of AbleTo. JPK reports grants and personal fees from Servier; personal fees from Beltz, Elsevier, Hogrefe, and Springer, outside the submitted work; funding for clinical trials (German Federal Ministry of Health and Servier); payments for presentations on internet interventions (Servier); and payments for workshops and books (Beltz, Elsevier, Hogrefe, and Springer) on psychotherapy for chronic depression and on psychiatric emergencies. BM is an employee of GAIA AG. DCM reports personal fees from Apple, Pear Therapeutics, and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals and has an equity interest in Adaptive Health, outside the submitted work. JMM is supported by a Wellcome Trust Grant (104908/Z/14/Z). SN is an employee of GET.ON Institut. DR is an employee of SilverCloud Health. LBS is an employee of Influents Innovations. PZ reports grants and non-financial support from Techniker Krankenkasse (German public health insurance company), outside the submitted work. CK reports personal fees from Oberbergklinik and Servier; and grants and non-financial support from Techniker Krankenkasse, outside the submitted work. MH reports grants and non-financial support from Techniker Krankenkasse, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Figure 1:. Network diagram**
The width of the lines is proportional to the number of comparisons, which is given on each line.

**Figure 2:. Relative effects (mean differences in PHQ-9 scores with 95% CIs) of internet cognitive behavioural therapy of depression**
Treatments (listed in alphabetical order) are shown in grey, direct effects (pairwise meta-analyses) are shown in blue, and the network meta-analysis results are shown in red. Common heterogeneity τ was estimated to be 1·1 in terms of the PHQ-9 scores. An effect size of less than 0 in the network meta-analysis results shows that the treatment in the column is favoured (ie, lower PHQ-9 scores) versus the treatment in the row. An effect size of less than 0 in the pariwise meta-analyses results shows that the treatment in the row is favoured versus the treatment in the column. 3W=third-wave cognitive behavioural therapy. APP=attention or psychological placebo. BA=behavioural activation. CBT=cognitive behavioural therapy. CT=cognitive therapy. NT=no treatment. PE=psychoeducation. PHQ-9=Personal Health Questionnaire-9. PST=problem-solving therapy. TAU=treatment as usual. WL=waiting list.

**Figure 3:. Individual participant data component network meta-analysis for depression severity**
Potentially beneficial components are shown in green (darker green for stronger statistical evidence) and potentially harmful components are shown in red according to an index similar to the Z-score (median of the posterior distribution divided by the corresponding standard deviation for Bayesian analyses), thus taking account of the magnitude of the effect estimates and their uncertainty. More details about the colouring scheme are provided in the appendix (p 68). The specific efficacy for conventional drug treatment could not be estimated because this component was either present or absent in all comparisons in the network. Common heterogeneity τ was estimated to be 1·20 (95%CrI 0·89 to 1·57) in terms of the PHQ-9 scores. iCBT=internet cognitive behavioural therapy. iMD=incremental mean difference. CrI=credible interval. PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire-9. *0=female and 1=male. †0=not in a relationship (single, separated, divorced, or widowed) and 1=in a relationship (married or having a stable partner).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Barth J, Munder T, Gerger H, et al. Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2013; 10: e1001454. - PMC - PubMed
1. Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, de Wit L, Ebert DD. The effects of fifteen evidence-supported therapies for adult depression: a meta-analytic review. Psychother Res 2019; 30: 1–15. - PubMed
1. Institute of Medicine. Psychosocial interventions for mental and substance use disorders: a framework for establishing evidence-based standards. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015. - PubMed
1. Ahn H, Wampold BE. Where oh where are the specific ingredients? A meta-analysis of component studies in counseling and psychotherapy. J Couns Psychol 2001; 48: 251–57.
1. Bell EC, Marcus DK, Goodlad JK. Are the parts as good as the whole? A meta-analysis of component treatment studies. J Consult Clin Psychol 2013; 81: 722–36. - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- scite Smart Citations
Medical
- ClinicalTrials.gov

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual participant data

Affiliations

Dismantling, optimising, and personalising internet cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis using individual participant data

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical