Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer
- PMID: 33958149
- DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.004
Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer
Abstract
Cystoscopic examination remains the gold standard technique for initial diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa). Despite significant progress in enhanced cystoscopic techniques, blue light cystoscopy and narrow band imaging are the only ones well supported by high-level evidence and, if available, should be used during initial staging of BCa. Multiparametric MRI could be an important imaging tool in local staging of BCa. With ever-expanding targeted therapy and immunotherapy options in both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive BCa, molecular subtyping could become an essential part of initial histologic staging in the near future.
Keywords: Bladder cancer; Diagnosis; Enhanced cystoscopy; Imaging; Staging; Transurethral resection of bladder tumor.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Conflict of interest statement
Disclosure Dr S. Daneshmand serves on the advisory board of Janssen, Ferring, Photocure, Taris, Spectrum, Pacific Edge, QED, Abbvie, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen, Seattle Genetics, Nucleix, Aduro, and Bristol Myer Squibb, and additionally as consultant to Pacific Edge and Photocure, Inc. Dr V. Duddalwar is advisory board member of DeepTek and serves as a consultant for Radmetrix. Dr H. Ahmadi has nothing to disclose.
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