The effect of physical activity intervention and nutritional habits on anthropometric measures in elementary school children: the health oriented pedagogical project (HOPP)

Abstract

Background: Overweight and obesity are a burden of the modern world that requires urgent action. Prevention has proven to be efficient in the fight against overweight and obesity. As many children gain excessive weight at an early age, intervention during school years are important. While daily physical activity (PA) is known to have an influence on overweight and obesity prevention, the importance of a healthy lifestyle, including dietary habits, should not be underestimated. The aim of this study was to assess how a combination of daily PA and healthy/unhealthy diet affect the anthropometric measures of 4th graders in Norway.

Methods: The Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP) is a longitudinal intervention in primary school children, which includes increased amount of daily physical activity during teaching- active learning. Assessed were weight, muscle and bone mass, as well as fat mass, using a bio-impedance Tanita scale. A dietary survey, Ungkost 2000, with 18 multiple-choice questions was used to evaluate the overall nutrition characteristics of the children.

Results: Between 2015 and 2018, a total of 917 (intervention group n = 614, control group n = 303) 4th graders from nine different schools from the south-east part of Norway participated. We observed that daily PA and a regular healthy diet increases-while an unhealthy diet decreases-muscle and bone mass despite daily PA. Daily PA appears to counteract some of the effects of an unhealthy diet on weight and fat mass. In addition, daily PA and a regular intake of fruits and berries lowers weight and fat mass in children with overweight.

Conclusion: Combination of daily 45-minute of PA and a healthy diet leads to reductions in body weight and incease in muscle and bone mass in elementary school children.