[Detection and functions of viral RNA modifications: perspectives in biology and medicine]

Abstract

Viral RNAs (either derived from DNA viruses and genomic/mRNAs of RNA viruses) produced and replicated in eukaryotic cells are exposed to the activity of host cell RNA modification machinery. Moreover, some complex viruses encode their own RNA modification enzymes, generally cap-related m⁷G-and 2'-O-methyltransferases whose expression allows specific modification of viral transcripts and modulation of viral RNA recognition by host restriction systems. Here we review current achievements in the detection of viral RNA modifications by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and deep sequencing-based approaches. The presence, origin and characterized functions of RNA modifications in viral RNAs are discussed.

Keywords: 1-cyclohexyl-(2-morpholinoéthyl)carbodiimide métho-p-toluène sulfonate; 2’-O-methylation; ARN de transfert / ARN ribosomique / petit ARN nucléaire / petit ARN nucléolaire / ARN messager; ARNt / ARNr / ARNsn / ARNm / ARNm - ARNm; ASL; Ab; Abréviations UICPA des nucléotidesD = G/A/U; BS; CMC/CMCT; H/ACA snoRNA; IFIT; LC/HPLC; MDA5; MS; MeRIP; R = A/G et H = A/C/U; RIG-I; RNA modification; RT; TLR7; TiIS; TmcA; anticorps; chromatographie liquide/chromatographie liquide à haute performance; epitranscriptomics; gène I inductible à l’acide rétinoïque; immunoprécipitation d’ARN méthylé (m6A et autres); inosine; m5C; m6A; protéine 5 associée à la différenciation du mélanome; protéine induite par l’interféron avec des répétitions de pentatricopeptides; pseudouridine; récepteur Toll-like 7; snoRNA avec des séquences H (H = A/C/U) et ACA conservées (encadrés); spectrométrie de masse; séquençage de bisulfite; tRNAIle-lysidine synthase bactérienne; tRNAMet ac4C cytidine acétyltransférase; tige-boucle anticodon; transcription inverse/transcriptase inverse; viral RNA.