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Review
. 2021 Nov;51(12):2198-2213.
doi: 10.1007/s00247-020-04849-0. Epub 2021 May 12.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys and adrenals in children

Susan J Back  1   2 , Patricia T Acharya  3 , Richard D Bellah  4   5 , Harris L Cohen  6 , Kassa Darge  4   5 , Annamaria Deganello  7 , Zoltan Harkanyi  8 , Damjana Ključevšek  9 , Aikaterini Ntoulia  4 , Harriet J Paltiel  10 , Maciej Piskunowicz  11
Affiliations
Review

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys and adrenals in children

Susan J Back et al. Pediatr Radiol. 2021 Nov.

Abstract

Pediatric applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are growing. Evaluation of the kidneys and adrenal glands in children using intravenous administration of US contrast agents, however, is still an off-label indication. Pediatric CEUS applications for kidneys are similar to those in adults, including ischemic disorders, pseudo- versus real tumors, indeterminate lesions, complex cystic lesions, complicated pyelonephritis, and abscesses. CEUS applications for evaluation of adrenal glands in children are limited, mainly focusing on the assessment and follow-up of adrenal trauma and the differentiation between an adrenal hemorrhage and a mass. This review addresses the current experience in pediatric CEUS of the kidneys and adrenal glands. By extrapolating the established knowledge for US contrast evaluations in the adult kidney to the pediatric context we can note opportunities for CEUS clinical use in children.

Keywords: Adrenal glands; Children; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Kidneys; Ultrasound; Ultrasound contrast agents.

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References

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