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. 2021 May 12;11(1):10063.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89331-z.

Enhancement of anisotropy energy of SmCo5 by ceasing the coupling at 2c sites in the crystal lattice with Cu substitution

Syed Kamran Haider  1   2   3 , Hieu Minh Ngo  1 , Dongsoo Kim  2   3 , Young Soo Kang  4
Affiliations

Enhancement of anisotropy energy of SmCo5 by ceasing the coupling at 2c sites in the crystal lattice with Cu substitution

Syed Kamran Haider et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

SmCo5 and SmCo5-xCux magnetic particles were produced by co-precipitation followed by reduction diffusion. HRTEM confirmed the Cu substitution in the SmCo5 lattice. Non-magnetic Cu was substituted at "2c" site in the SmCo5 crystal lattice and effectively stopped the coupling in its surroundings. This decoupling effect decreased magnetic moment from SmCo5 (12.86 μB) to SmCo4Cu (10.58 μB) and SmCo3Cu2 (7.79 μB) and enhanced anisotropy energy from SmCo5 (10.87 Mega erg/cm3) to SmCo4Cu (14.05 Mega erg/cm3) and SmCo3Cu2 (14.78 Mega erg/cm3). Enhancement of the anisotropy energy increased the coercivity as its values for SmCo5, SmCo4Cu and SmCo3Cu2 were recorded as 4.5, 5.97 and 6.99 kOe respectively. Being six times cheaper as compared to Co, substituted Cu reduced the price of SmCo3Cu2 up to 2%. Extra 15% Co was added which not only enhanced the Mr value but also reduced the 5% of the total cost because of additional weight added to the SmCo3Cu2. Method reported in this work is most energy efficient method on the synthesis of Sm-Co-Cu ternary alloys until now.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) XRD patterns of SmCo5, SmCo4Cu, and SmCo3Cu2. (b) Slight peak shift in XRD patterns of SmCo5, SmCo4Cu and SmCo3Cu2. SEM images of (c) SmCo5 (d) SmCo4Cu and (e) SmCo3Cu2. Particle size distribution of (f) SmCo5 (g) SmCo4Cu and (h) SmCo3Cu2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a–d) TEM-EDS mapping images and (e) EDS line analysis of SmCo4Cu. (f–i) TEM-EDS mapping images SmCo3Cu2 and (j) schematic illustration of Co attachment on SmCo3Cu2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) HRTEM of SmCo3Cu2, (b) zoomed in area from the red dotted box in Fig. 2-a, (c) modeled SmCo5 structure, taken along “a/b” axis, (d) SmCo5−xCux/SmCo5 hcp crystal structure and (e) arrangements of atoms in the SmCo5 crystal lattice and the mechanism of Co substitution with Cu in “2c” layer of SmCo5−xCux crystal lattice.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Top and side view of arrangement of the atoms in SmCo5 and SmCo5−xCux, (b) space-filling model of SmCo5 and SmCo5−xCux with crystal dimensions, (c) crystal parameters of SmCo5 and SmCo5−xCux.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a,b) Schematic illustration of exchange coupling between the electrons of Sm, Co and Cu, (c) rigid band model of Sm, Co and Cu.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Mechanism on the reduction of exchange coupling before and after Cu substitution in SmCo5 and SmCo5−xCux. (b) Magnetic hysteresis loops of SmCo5 and SmCo5−xCux. Variation of magnetic moment, Hc, Mr, Ms and anisotropy energy, before and after Cu substitution.
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