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. 2021 Oct;13(5):1425-1432.
doi: 10.1007/s12602-021-09794-4. Epub 2021 May 14.

Fermented Duckweed as a Potential Feed Additive with Poultry Beneficial Bacilli Probiotics

Rachel Mahoney  1   2 , Richard Weeks  3   4 , Qingrong Huang  5 , Weijie Dai  6 , Yong Cao  7 , Guo Liu  7 , Yongjing Guo  7 , Vladimir A Chistyakov  8 , Alexey M Ermakov  8 , Dmitry Rudoy  8 , Anzhelika Bren  8 , Igor Popov  8 , Michael L Chikindas  1   8   9
Affiliations

Fermented Duckweed as a Potential Feed Additive with Poultry Beneficial Bacilli Probiotics

Rachel Mahoney et al. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

In this study, the duckweed varieties Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza, and a commercially processed duckweed food supplement were investigated as potential substrates for the propagation of two probiotic Bacillus strains, B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895. Both L. minor and S. polyrhiza were found to be suitable substrates for the propagation of both bacilli, with 8.47-9.48 Log CFU/g and 10.17-11.31 Log CFU/g after 24 and 48 h growth on the substrates, respectively. The commercial duckweed product was a less favorable substrate, with growth reaching a maximum of 7.89-8.91 CFU/g after 24 h with no further growth after 48 h. Growth and adherence of the bacilli to the three products were confirmed via electron microscopy. These strains have demonstrated health-promoting benefits for poultry and thereby have the potential to enhance duckweed as an animal feed through the process of fermentation. Duckweed has been shown to be a promising alternative resource for protein and has the opportunity to become a valuable resource in multiple industries as a potential means to increase sustainability, food security, and reduce environmental impact.

Keywords: Alternative protein source; Bacillus; Duckweed; Lemnaceae; Probiotics; Solid-state fermentation; Sustainable farming; Valorization.

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