Various theranostics and immunization strategies based on nanotechnology against Covid-19 pandemic: An interdisciplinary view

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic is still a major risk to human civilization. Besides the global immunization policy, more than five lac new cases are documented everyday. Some countries newly implement partial/complete nationwid lockdown to mitigate recurrent community spreading. To avoid the new modified stain of SARS-CoV-2 spreading, some countries imposed any restriction on the movement of the citizens within or outside the country. Effective economical point of care diagnostic and therapeutic strategy is vigorously required to mitigate viral spread. Besides struggling with repurposed medicines, new engineered materials with multiple unique efficacies and specific antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2 infection may be fruitful to save more lives. Nanotechnology-based engineering strategy sophisticated medicine with specific, effective and nonhazardous delivery mechanism for available repurposed antivirals as well as remedial for associated diseases due to malfeasance in immuno-system e.g. hypercytokinaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome. This review will talk about gloomy but critical areas for nanoscientists to intervene and will showcase about the different laboratory diagnostic, prognostic strategies and their mode of actions. In addition, we speak about SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, pathogenicity and host specific interation with special emphasis on altered immuno-system and also perceptualized, copious ways to design prophylactic nanomedicines and next-generation vaccines based on recent findings.

Keywords: Covid-19 related cytokine storm; Immunopathology; Nano-engineered vaccines; Nanodiagnostics; Nanomedicine; Repurposed nanotechnology; SARS-CoV-2.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Diagrammatic representation of SARS-CoV-2 structure illustrating four main structural proteins and RNA.

Fig. 2

Pictorial representation of key steps for entry and multiplication mechanism of SARS-CoV-2.

Fig. 3

Efficacy of nanotechnology in various field of vaccine development against Covid-19.

Fig. 4

Schematic representation of vaccine mechanism developed by using nano platform. (A) Representation probable mode of action of subunit vaccine. Key steps of DNA vaccines (B) and RNA vaccine.