Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Feb;63(2):152-164.
doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13429. Epub 2021 May 16.

Infants' neural responses to emotional faces are related to maternal anxiety

Lindsay C Bowman  1 , Sarah A McCormick  2 , Finola Kane-Grade  3 , Wanze Xie  3   4 , Michelle Bosquet Enlow  5   6 , Charles A Nelson  3   4   7
Affiliations

Infants' neural responses to emotional faces are related to maternal anxiety

Lindsay C Bowman et al. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022 Feb.

Abstract

Background: Postnatal maternal anxiety is common (estimates as high as 40% prevalence) and is associated with altered mother-infant interactions (e.g., reduced maternal emotional expression and engagement). Neural circuitry supporting infants' face and emotion processing develops in their first year. Thus, early exposure to maternal anxiety may impact infants' developing understanding of emotional displays. We examine whether maternal anxiety is associated with individual differences in typically developing infants' neural responses to emotional faces.

Methods: One hundred and forty two mother-infant dyads were assessed when infants were 5, 7, or 12 months old. Infants' electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded while passively viewing female happy, fearful, and angry faces. Three event-related potential (ERP) components, each linked to face and emotion processing, were evaluated: NC, N290, and P400. Infant ERP amplitude was related to concurrent maternal-report anxiety assessed with the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Trait form).

Results: Greater maternal anxiety predicted more negative NC amplitude for happy and fearful faces in left and mid-central scalp regions, beyond covarying influences of maternal depression symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant age.

Conclusions: Postnatal maternal anxiety is related to infants' neural processing of emotional expressions. Infants of mothers endorsing high trait anxiety may need additional attentional resources to process happy and fearful faces (expressions less likely experienced in mother-infant interactions). Future research should investigate mechanisms underlying this association, given possibilities include experiential, genetic, and prenatal factors.

Keywords: EEG/ERP; Maternal anxiety; N290; NC; P400; emotions; faces; infants.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest to report.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Schematic of ERP task design
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Scatterplots showing the relation between greater maternal anxiety scores (STAI-T) and amplified (more negative) NC to happy faces in the left central ROI (A), happy faces in the middle central ROI (B), and fearful faces in the middle central ROI (C). Analyses controlled for maternal depressive symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant age.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
ERP amplitude for the NC in response to fearful faces in the mid-central ROI (thick orange solid and dotted lines), happy faces in the mid-central ROI (thick blue solid and dotted lines), and happy faces in the left-central ROI (thin blue solid and dotted lines). Infants of mothers reporting higher anxiety (solid lines) have more negative NCs compared to infants of mothers reporting lower anxiety (dotted lines) (+/− 2SD STAI scores used for high/low anxiety visualization). The shaded box indicates the period in which mean ERP amplitude was extracted for NC analyses.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Auday ES, Taber-Thomas BC, & Pérez-Edgar KE (2018). Neural correlates of attention bias to masked facial threat cues: Examining children at-risk for social anxiety disorder. NeuroImage: Clinical, 19, 202–212. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, & Van Ijzendoorn MH (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 1. - PubMed
    1. Barker ED, Jaffee SR, Uher R, & Maughan B (2011). The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depression and anxiety, 28(8), 696–702. - PubMed
    1. Batty M, & Taylor MJ (2006). The development of emotional face processing during childhood. Developmental science, 9(2), 207–220. - PubMed
    1. Bayet L, & Nelson CA (2020). The neural architecture and developmental course of face processing. In Rakic P & Rubenstein J (Eds.), Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience, 2nd Edition. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Press.

Publication types