The effects of plasticizers on the ovary

Abstract

Endocrine disrupting chemicals pose a threat to health and reproduction. Plasticizers such as phthalates and bisphenols are particularly problematic because they are present in many consumer products and exposure can begin in utero and continue throughout the lifetime of the individual. Evidence suggests that these chemicals can have ancestral and transgenerational effects, making them a huge public health concern for the reproductive health of current and future generations. Studies performed in rodents or using rodent- or human-derived tissues have been critical for understanding the toxic effects of plasticizers on the ovary and their mechanisms of action. This review addresses current in vitro and rodent-based in vivo studies investigating the effects of bisphenols and phthalates on ovarian health, female reproduction, and correlations between human exposure and reproductive pathologies.

Keywords: Ovary; endocrine disruption; folliculogenesis; plasticizer; steroidogenesis.

Figure 1. Effects of bisphenols and phthalates on folliculogenesis

Current studies demonstrate bisphenols and phthalates can impair folliculogenesis by altering follicle populations. Major findings from these studies are summarized here. ↓ indicate decreased and ↑ indicate increased follicle populations relative to vehicle controls. PMM refers to studies performed with phthalate metabolite mixtures.

Figure 2. Effects of bisphenols and phthalates on steroidogenesis

Current studies demonstrate bisphenols and phthalates can alter steroidogenesis by dysregulating expression of steroidogenic enzymes and altering steroid hormone production. Major findings from these studies are summarized here. ↓ indicate decreased and ↑ indicate increased gene/protein expression or hormone production relative to vehicle controls. PMM refers to studies performed with phthalate metabolite mixtures.