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Comparative Study
. 2021 Sep;48(9):1250-1259.
doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13479. Epub 2021 Jun 20.

Comparing periodontitis biomarkers in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid: A pilot study

Panagiota Katsiki  1 , Kamran Nazmi  2 , Bruno G Loos  1 , Marja L Laine  1 , Kim Schaap  2 , Esen Hepdenizli  2 , Floris J Bikker  2 , Henk S Brand  2 , Enno C I Veerman  2 , Elena A Nicu  1   3
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Comparing periodontitis biomarkers in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid: A pilot study

Panagiota Katsiki et al. J Clin Periodontol. 2021 Sep.

Abstract

Aim: To explore the feasibility of screening for periodontitis by measuring biomarkers, namely total proteolytic activity (TPA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, chitinase, lysozyme or their combination, in saliva, oral rinse and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).

Material and methods: Subjects were recruited among healthy/gingivitis individuals and untreated periodontitis patients in Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA). All participants donated samples of unstimulated whole saliva, oral rinse and GCF. The protein concentrations and MMP-8 levels were determined by ELISA. Enzymatic activities were measured using appropriate fluorogenic substrates.

Results: In oral rinse samples, periodontitis patients (n = 19) exhibited significantly higher concentrations of MMP-8 and TPA than controls (n = 20). MMP-8 in combination with chitinase explained 88% of the variance and assigned a subject to control or periodontitis group, with best accuracy (87.2%) in oral rinse.

Conclusions: The combination of MMP-8 and chitinase in the current oral rinse procedure has the potential to discriminate periodontitis from periodontal health/gingivitis.

Keywords: MMP-8; biomarkers; chitinase; gingival crevicular fluid; modelling; oral rinse; periodontitis; principal component analysis (PCA); protease; saliva.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this study.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Results for unstimulated saliva samples of controls and periodontitis patients; total proteolytic activity (TPA) (a), matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) concentrations (b), chitinase activity (c), lysozyme activity (d) and albumin concentrations (e). Horizontal lines represent median values for each group. ***p < .001, **p ≤ .01. Presentation of MMP‐8 values in logarithmic scale
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Results for oral rinse samples of controls and periodontitis patients; Total proteolytic activity (TPA) (a), matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) concentrations (b), chitinase activity (c) and lysozyme activity (d). Albumin values were below detection level. Horizontal lines represent median values for each group. ***p < .001, **p ≤ .01. Presentation of MMP‐8 values in logarithmic scale
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Results for gingival crevicular fluid samples of controls and periodontitis patients; Total proteolytic activity (TPA) (a), matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) concentrations (b), chitinase activity (c), lysozyme activity (d) and albumin concentrations (e). Horizontal lines represent median values for each group. ***p < .001, **p ≤ .01, *p ≤ .05. Presentation of MMP‐8 values in logarithmic scale
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
(a) Principal component analysis (PCA) plots of all oral samples (saliva, OR, GCF). Components 1 and 2 were mainly determined by matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) and chitinase and explained 33% and 19% of variance, respectively. Controls and periodontitis patients differed significantly (PERMANOVA, F = 7.5, p = .0001). (b) PCA plots of oral rinse samples. Components 1 and 2 were mainly determined by matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) and chitinase and explained 63% and 25% of variance, respectively. Controls and periodontitis patients differed significantly (PERMANOVA, F = 11, p = .0001)
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