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. 2021 May 17;193(20):E713-E722.
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.191682.

Postoperative outcomes for Indigenous Peoples in Canada: a systematic review

Jason A McVicar  1 , Alana Poon  1 , Nadine R Caron  1 , M Dylan Bould  1 , Jason W Nickerson  2 , Nora Ahmad  1 , Donna May Kimmaliardjuk  1 , Chelsey Sheffield  1 , Caitlin Champion  1 , Daniel I McIsaac  1
Affiliations

Postoperative outcomes for Indigenous Peoples in Canada: a systematic review

Jason A McVicar et al. CMAJ. .

Abstract

Background: Substantial health inequities exist for Indigenous Peoples in Canada. The remote and distributed population of Canada presents unique challenges for access to and use of surgery. To date, the surgical outcome data for Indigenous Peoples in Canada have not been synthesized.

Methods: We searched 4 databases to identify studies comparing surgical outcomes and utilization rates of adults of First Nations, Inuit or Métis identity with non-Indigenous people in Canada. Independent reviewers completed all stages in duplicate. Our primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes included utilization rates of surgical procedures, complications and hospital length of stay. We performed meta-analysis of the primary outcome using random effects models. We assessed risk of bias using the ROBINS-I tool.

Results: Twenty-eight studies were reviewed involving 1 976 258 participants (10.2% Indigenous). No studies specifically addressed Inuit or Métis populations. Four studies, including 7 cohorts, contributed adjusted mortality data for 7135 participants (5.2% Indigenous); Indigenous Peoples had a 30% higher rate of death after surgery than non-Indigenous patients (pooled hazard ratio 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.54; I 2 = 81%). Complications were also higher for Indigenous Peoples, including infectious complications (adjusted OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.13-2.34) and pneumonia (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.58-3.19). Rates of various surgical procedures were lower, including rates of renal transplant, joint replacement, cardiac surgery and cesarean delivery.

Interpretation: The currently available data on postoperative outcomes and surgery utilization rates for Indigenous Peoples in Canada are limited and of poor quality. Available data suggest that Indigenous Peoples have higher rates of death and adverse events after surgery, while also encountering barriers accessing surgical procedures. These findings suggest a need for substantial re-evaluation of surgical care for Indigenous Peoples in Canada to ensure equitable access and to improve outcomes.

Protocol registration: PROSPERO-CRD42018098757.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: Dylan Bould is chair of the board of trustees of the Canadian Anesthesiologist’s Society International Education Foundation. No other competing interests were declared.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:
Flow diagram of study selection. CINAHL = Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature.
Figure 2:
Figure 2:
Forest plot of hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of adjusted association of Indigenous identity with postoperative survival.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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