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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 May 18;5(5):CD007579.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007579.pub3.

Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section

James D Griffiths  1 , Gillian Ml Gyte  2 , Phil A Popham  3 , Kacey Williams  4 , Shantini Paranjothy  5 , Hannah K Broughton  5 , Heather C Brown  6 , Jane Thomas  7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section

James D Griffiths et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Nausea and vomiting are distressing symptoms which are experienced commonly during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia and in the postoperative period. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions versus placebo or no intervention given prophylactically to prevent nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section.

Search methods: For this update, we searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (16 April 2020), and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of studies and conference abstracts, and excluded quasi-RCTs and cross-over studies.

Data collection and analysis: Review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. Our primary outcomes are intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Data entry was checked. Two review authors independently assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: Eighty-four studies (involving 10,990 women) met our inclusion criteria. Sixty-nine studies, involving 8928 women, contributed data. Most studies involved women undergoing elective caesarean section. Many studies were small with unclear risk of bias and sometimes few events. The overall certainty of the evidence assessed using GRADE was moderate to very low. 5-HT3 antagonists: We found intraoperative nausea may be reduced by 5-HT3 antagonists (average risk ratio (aRR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 0.71, 12 studies, 1419 women, low-certainty evidence). There may be a reduction in intraoperative vomiting but the evidence is very uncertain (aRR 0.46, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.73, 11 studies, 1414 women, very low-certainty evidence). There is probably a reduction in postoperative nausea (aRR 0.40, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.54, 10 studies, 1340 women, moderate-certainty evidence), and these drugs may show a reduction in postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.69, 10 studies, 1450 women, low-certainty evidence). Dopamine antagonists: We found dopamine antagonists may reduce intraoperative nausea but the evidence is very uncertain (aRR 0.38, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.52, 15 studies, 1180 women, very low-certainty evidence). Dopamine antagonists may reduce intraoperative vomiting (aRR 0.41, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.60, 12 studies, 942 women, low-certainty evidence) and postoperative nausea (aRR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.79, 7 studies, 601 women, low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain if dopamine antagonists reduce postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.92, 9 studies, 860 women, very low-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids (steroids): We are uncertain if intraoperative nausea is reduced by corticosteroids (aRR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.83, 6 studies, 609 women, very low-certainty evidence) similarly for intraoperative vomiting (aRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.87, 6 studies, 609 women, very low-certainty evidence). Corticosteroids probably reduce postoperative nausea (aRR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.73, 6 studies, 733 women, moderate-certainty evidence), and may reduce postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.95, 7 studies, 793 women, low-certainty evidence). Antihistamines: Antihistamines may have little to no effect on intraoperative nausea (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.11, 1 study, 149 women, very low-certainty evidence) or intraoperative vomiting (no events in the one study of 149 women). Antihistamines may reduce postoperative nausea (aRR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.64, 4 studies, 514 women, low-certainty evidence), however, we are uncertain whether antihistamines reduce postoperative vomiting (average RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.81, 3 studies, 333 women, very low-certainty evidence). Anticholinergics: Anticholinergics may reduce intraoperative nausea (aRR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.87, 4 studies, 453 women, low-certainty evidence) but may have little to no effect on intraoperative vomiting (aRR 0.79, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.54, 4 studies; 453 women, very low-certainty evidence). No studies looked at anticholinergics in postoperative nausea, but they may reduce postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.74, 1 study, 161 women, low-certainty evidence). Sedatives: We found that sedatives probably reduce intraoperative nausea (aRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.82, 8 studies, 593 women, moderate-certainty evidence) and intraoperative vomiting (aRR 0.35, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.52, 8 studies, 593 women, moderate-certainty evidence). However, we are uncertain whether sedatives reduce postoperative nausea (aRR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.71, 2 studies, 145 women, very low-certainty evidence) and they may reduce postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.09, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.28, 2 studies, 145 women, low-certainty evidence). Opioid antagonists: There were no studies assessing intraoperative nausea or vomiting. Opioid antagonists may result in little or no difference to the number of women having postoperative nausea (aRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.45, 1 study, 120 women, low-certainty evidence) or postoperative vomiting (aRR 1.25, 95% CI 0.35 to 4.43, 1 study, 120 women, low-certainty evidence). Acupressure: It is uncertain whether acupressure/acupuncture reduces intraoperative nausea (aRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.74, 9 studies, 1221 women, very low-certainty evidence). Acupressure may reduce intraoperative vomiting (aRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.80, 9 studies, 1221 women, low-certainty evidence) but it is uncertain whether it reduces postoperative nausea (aRR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.75, 7 studies, 1069 women, very low-certainty evidence) or postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.79, 7 studies, 1069 women, very low-certainty evidence). Ginger: It is uncertain whether ginger makes any difference to the number of women having intraoperative nausea (aRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.21, 2 studies, 331 women, very low-certainty evidence), intraoperative vomiting (aRR 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.00, 2 studies, 331 women, very low-certainty evidence), postoperative nausea (aRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.77, 1 study, 92 women, very low-certainty evidence) and postoperative vomiting (aRR 0.20, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.65, 1 study, 92 women, very low-certainty evidence). Few studies assessed our secondary outcomes including adverse effects or women's views.

Authors' conclusions: This review indicates that 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine antagonists, corticosteroids, sedatives and acupressure probably or possibly have efficacy in reducing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. However the certainty of evidence varied widely and was generally low. Future research is needed to assess side effects of treatment, women's views and to compare the efficacy of combinations of different medications.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00791960 NCT01733212 NCT01812057 NCT03165123 NCT02960113 NCT00892996 NCT03434340 NCT00432991 NCT02959840 NCT00921102 NCT02872935 NCT01028547.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

James D Griffiths: none known.

Gillian ML Gyte: GG received royalties from John Wiley & Sons in respect of ‘A Cochrane Pocketbook – Pregnancy and Childbirth’ Hofmeyr GJ et al. 2008.

Phil A Popham: none known.

Kacey Williams: none known.

Shantini Paranjothy: none known.

Hannah K Broughton: none known.

Jane Thomas: none known.

Heather C Brown: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 5: 'Nausea + Vomiting' ‐ intraoperative (not pre‐specified)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 6: 'Nausea + Vomiting' ‐ postoperative ‐ (not pre‐specified)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 7: Maternal satisfaction
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 8: Maternal adverse outcomes
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 9: Headache/dizziness/vertigo
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 10: Hypotension
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 11: Pruritus/itching
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 12: Dry mouth
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 13: Drowsiness/sedation
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: 5‐HT3 antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 14: Rescue antiemetic (not pre‐specified)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 5: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ intraoperative (not pre‐specfied)
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 6: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ postoperative (not pre‐specified)
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 7: Maternal satisfaction
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 8: Anxiety
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 9: Headache/dizziness
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 10: Hypotension
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 11: Rescue antiemetics (not pre‐specified)
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 12: Sedation
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2: Dopamine antagonists vs placebo, Outcome 13: Pruritus/itching
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 5: 'Nausea + Vomiting' ‐ intraoperative (not pre‐specified)
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 6: 'Nausea + Vomiting' ‐ postoperative ‐ (not pre‐specified)
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 7: Hypotension
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 8: Bradycardia
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 9: Shivering
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Corticosteroids vs placebo, Outcome 10: Rescue antiemetics (not pre‐specified)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Antihistamines vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Antihistamines vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Antihistamines vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Antihistamines vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Antihistamines vs placebo, Outcome 5: Hypotension
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 5: 'Nausea + Vomiting' ‐ intraoperative (not pre‐specified)
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 6: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ postoperative (not pre‐specified)
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 7: Blurred vision
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 8: Anxiety/Disorientation
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 9: Dizziness
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 10: Hypotension
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 11: Pruritus/itching
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 12: Xerostomia/dry mouth
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5: Anticholinergics vs placebo, Outcome 13: Drowsiness
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 5: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ intraoperative (not pre‐specified)
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 6: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ postoperative (not pre‐specified)
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 7: Pruritis/itching
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 8: Hypotension
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 9: Shivering
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 10: Apgar score < 7 at 5 mins
6.11
6.11. Analysis
Comparison 6: Sedatives vs placebo, Outcome 11: Initiation of breastfeeding
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 5: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ intraoperative (not pre‐specified)
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 6: 'Nausea + vomiting' ‐ postoperative (not pre‐specified)
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7: Opioid antagonist/partial agonist vs placebo, Outcome 7: Pruritus/itching
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 5: Anxiety
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 6: Dizziness
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 7: Hypotension
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 8: Pruritus/itching
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8: Acupressure/acupuncture vs placebo, Outcome 9: Rescue antiemetic (not pre‐specified)
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Ginger vs placebo, Outcome 1: Nausea ‐ intraoperative
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Ginger vs placebo, Outcome 2: Vomiting ‐ intraoperative
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Ginger vs placebo, Outcome 3: Nausea ‐ postoperative
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Ginger vs placebo, Outcome 4: Vomiting ‐ postoperative
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Abdel‐Aleem 2012 {published data only}
    1. Abdel-Aleem M, Osman A, Morsy K. Effect of coadministration of dexamethasone with intrathecal morphine on postoperative outcomes after cesarean delivery. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2012;116(2):158-61. - PubMed
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Chestnut 1987 {published data only}
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Choi 1999 {published data only}
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Dasgupta 2012 {published data only}
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Duggal 1998 {published data only}
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Duman 2010 {published data only}
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Harmon 2000 {published data only}
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Harnett 2007 {published data only}
    1. Harnett MJ, O'Rourke N, Walsh M, Carabuena JM, Segal S. Transdermal scopolamine for prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced nausea and vomiting after cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007;105(3):764-9. - PubMed
Hassanein 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hassanein A, Mahmoud E. Effect of low dose ketamine versus dexamethasone on intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2015;31(1):59-63.
Ho 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ho CM, Hseu SS, Tsai SK, Lee TY. Effect of P-6 acupressure on prevention of nausea and vomiting after epidural morphine for post-Cesarean section pain relief. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1996;40:372-5. - PubMed
Ho 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ho CM, Tsai HJ, Chan KH, Tsai SK. P6 acupressure does not prevent emesis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006;102(3):900-3. - PubMed
    1. Ho CM, Tsai SK. P-6 acupressure do not prevent emesis during cesarean section [abstract]. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2002;49(6 Suppl):A51.
Huang 1992 {published data only}
    1. Huang WP. Clinical observation of using Metoclopramide to relieve dragging reaction during baby deliver in caesarean operation. Chinese Journal of Anaesthesiology 1992;12(1):33.
Ibrahim 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim AS, Aly MG, Thabet ME, Abdelaziz MR. Effect of adding nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine on postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus after elective cesarean delivery: a randomized double blinded study. Minerva Anestesiologica 2019;85(3):255-62. [CENTRAL: CN-01939130] [EMBASE: 2001726956] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Imbeloni 1986 {published data only}
    1. Imbeloni LE, Santos JM, Santos MM. Prophylactic use of metoclopramide for control of nausea and vomiting during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section [Uso profilatico da metoclopramida no controle de nauseas e vomitos durante anestesia peridural para cesariana]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1986;36(4):295-8.
Jaafarpour 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jaafarpour M, Khani A, Dyrekvandmoghadam A, Khajavikhan J, Saadipour KH. The effect of dexamethasone on nausea, vomiting and pain in parturients undergoing caesarean delivery. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2008;2(3):854-8.
Jang 1997 {published data only}
    1. Jang DG, Chang WY, Yoon SY, Kim KB. Epidural butorphanol reduces the side effects from epidural morphine after cesarean section. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1997;33(2):297-303.
Kalava 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kalava A, Darji SJ, Kalstein A, Yarmush JM, SchianodiCola J, Weinberg J. Efficacy of ginger on intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective cesarean section patients. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2013;169(2):184-8. - PubMed
    1. Kalava A, Weinberg J, Jayakumar M, Yarmush JM, SchianodiCola JJ. Efficacy of ginger on intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective cesarean section patients. In: http://www.asaabstracts.com/strands/asaabstracts/abstract.htm;jsessionid... (accessed 1 Febraury 2012). 2011. - PubMed
    1. NCT01733212. Efficacy of ginger on intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective cesarean section patients. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01733212 2012 Nov 26. [CENTRAL: CN-02041676] - PubMed
Kampo 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN15475205. Does propofol prevent morphine-induced nausea, vomiting and itching in women who have had a Caesarean section? Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN15475205 (first received 2019). [CENTRAL: CN-01974804]
    1. Kampo S, Afful AP, Mohammed S, Ntim M, Buunaaim AD, Anabah TW. Sub-hypnotic dose of propofol as antiemetic prophylaxis attenuates intrathecal morphine-induced postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pruritus in parturient undergoing cesarean section - a randomized control trial. BMC Anesthesiology 2019;19(1):177. [CENTRAL: CN-01987099] [EMBASE: 629299629] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kasodekar 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kasodekar S, Dhumne S, Balki M, Carvalho J. Prophylactic granisetron does not prevent nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2006;104(Suppl 1):9. - PubMed
Khalayleh 2005 {published data only}
    1. Khalayleh K, Omar AA. Comparitive antiemetic efficacy of intrathecal fentanyl and intravenous metoclopromide, during Caesarean Section under spinal anaesthesia. Journal of the Bahrain Medical Society 2005;17(4):243-7.
Kim 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kim MO, Suh KS. A comparison of the antiemetic effect of ondansetron and metoclopramide on nausea and vomiting associated with epidural buprenorphine. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 1999;37(4):656-61.
Koju 2015 {published data only}
    1. Koju RB, CTRI/2015/01/005362. Prophylactic administration of ondansetron in prevention of intrathecal morphine induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean section. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=10813 (07 January 2015). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Koju RB, Gurung BS, Dongol Y. Prophylactic administration of ondansetron in prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean section. BMC Anesthesiology 2015;15:18. - PMC - PubMed
Kotelko 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kotelko DM, Rottman RL, Wright WC, Stone JJ, Yamashiro AY, Rosenblatt RM. Transderm SCOP decreases post-cesarean nausea and vomiting in patients receiving epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 1988;69:A666. - PubMed
    1. Kotelko DM, Rottman RL, Wright WC, Stone JJ, Yamashiro AY, Rosenblatt RM. Transdermal scopolamine decreases nausea and vomiting following cesarean section in patients receiving epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 1989;71:675-8. - PubMed
Lee 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lee YW, Hong JY, Yoon HJ, Kim SM. Could emesis from epidural anesthesia for a cesarean section be controlled by prophylactic low-dose granisetron? Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 2002;43(6):s13-9.
Levin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Levin D, Cohen S, Mellender S, Mohiuddin A, Zhao R, Kiss G, et al. Transcutaneous P6 acupoint electrical stimulation prevents both nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural: a randomized control clinical trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2018;126(4):421-2. [CENTRAL: CN-01789975] [EMBASE: 626090330]
    1. Levin D, Cohen S, Mellender S, Shah U, Kang P, Mohiuddin A, et al. Effectiveness of p6 stimulation for reduction of nausea and vomiting during caesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation 2019;47(2):120-7. [CENTRAL: CN-02089475] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Levin D, Cohen S, Mohiuddin A, Naftalovich R, Kang P, Mellender S, et al. How does acupressure point P6 stimulation compare to pharmacological therapy in reduction of nausea and vomiting during cesarean section with neuraxial anesthesia? Randomized control trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2017;42(6):no pagination. [CENTRAL: CN-01441790] [EMBASE: 619777950]
Li 2012 {published data only}
    1. Li JZ, Li XZ, Wang MS, Li JP, Shi F, Yu HF. [Effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of auricular Shenmen point on postoperative nausea and vomiting and patient-controlled epidural analgesia in cesarean section]. [Chinese]. Chung-Hua i Hsueh Tsa Chih [Chinese Medical Journal] 2012;92(27):1892-5. - PubMed
Lim 2001a {published data only}
    1. Lim TJ, Chiu JW, Tan HM. Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation for prevention of perioperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A1078.
Lim 2001b {published data only}
    1. Lim TJ, Lim E, Chiu JW, Tan HM. Perioperative antiemetic efficacy of dexamethasone 4mg in cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2001;95 Suppl:A466.
Liu 2015a {published data only}
    1. Liu Y, Wang M, Li Q, Wang L, Li J. Impacts of transcutaneous acupoint electric stimulation on the postoperative nausea and vomiting and plasma 5-ht concentration after cesarean section. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion 2015;35(10):1039-43. - PubMed
Lussos 1992 {published data only}
    1. Lussos S, Bader A, Thornhill M, Datta S. The antiemetic efficacy of prophylactic metoclopramide for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1991;75:A1081. - PubMed
    1. Lussos SA, Bader AM, Thornhill ML, Datta S. The antiemetic efficacy and safety of prophylactic metoclopramide for elective cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia. Regional Anesthesia 1992;17:126-30. - PubMed
Mandell 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mandell G, Dewan DM, Howard G, Floyd HM. The effectiveness of low dose droperidol in controlling nausea and vomiting during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1986;65:391. - PubMed
    1. Mandell GL, Dewan DM, Howard G, Floyd HM. The effectiveness of low dose droperidol in controlling nausea and vomiting during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1(2):65-8. - PubMed
Maranhao 1988 {published data only}
    1. Maranhao MV, Coelho VV, Ivo CM, Maranhao MH, Amaral EB. A comparative study between metoclopramide and droperidol in the control of nausea and vomit in patients subjected to spinal blockade during cesarean section [Estudo comparativo entre a metoclopramida e o droperidol no controle de nauseas e vomitos na operacao cesariana em gestantes submetidas a bloqueio subaracnoideo]. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 1988;38(4):245-9.
Modir 2019 {published data only}
    1. Modir H, Moshiri E, Kamali A, Shokrpour M, Shams N. Prophylatic efficacy of dexamethasone, ketamine and dexmedetomidine against intra- and postoperative nausea and vomiting under spinal anesthesia. Formosan Journal of Surgery 2019;52(1):17-23. [CENTRAL: CN-01790839] [EMBASE: 626475964]
Mohammadi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mohammadi SS, Jabbarzadeh S, Movafegh A. Efficacy of granisetron on prevention of shivering, nausea and vomiting during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care 2015;5(1):22-6.
Mokini 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mokini Z, Fabbri E, Dell'Atti I, Di Martino R, D'Ettorre M, Petrini F. A randomized, controlled, double blind trial on the incidence of nausea and vomiting with prophylactic subhypnotic propofol vs metoclopramide and in combination therapy in cesarean section with subarachnoid anesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2014;31:192.
    1. NCT01781377. Prophylactic subhypnotic propofol for nausea and vomiting during for cesarean section under subarachnoid anesthesia. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01781377 (first received 2013 Jan 25). [CENTRAL: CN-01540221]
Mukherjee 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mukherjee S, Rudra A, Mandel M, Kumar P. Optimum dose of propofol for prevention of emetic episodes during caesarean delivery: an evaluation. Journal of Anaesthesia and Clinical Pharmacology 2006;22(2):139-43.
Munnur 2008 {published data only}
    1. Munnur U, Tran C, Zambare SN, Lozano-Gorena M, Suresh MS. Post operative nausea and vomiting following cesarean section with intrathecal morphine. Anesthesiology 2008;109:A1113.
Niu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Niu K, Liu H, Chen R-W, Fang Q-W, Wen H, Guo S-M, et al. Use of propofol for prevention of post-delivery nausea during cesarean section: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Anesthesia 2018;32(5):748-55. [CENTRAL: CN-02000278] [EMBASE: 623932583] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Noroozinia 2013 {published data only}
    1. Noroozinia H, Mahoori A, Hasani E, Gerami-Fahim M, Sepehrvand N. The effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Medica Iranica 2013;51(3):163-7. - PubMed
Nortcliffe 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nortcliffe SA, Buggy DJ. Prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting after spinal morphine analgesia for caesarean section: comparison between cyclizine, dexamethasone, and placebo [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):657P. - PubMed
    1. Nortcliffe SA, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after spinal morphine for caesarean section: comparison of cyclizine, dexamethasone and placebo. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;90(5):665-70. - PubMed
Pan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pan PH, Moore CH. Intraoperative antiemetic efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron versus droperidol for cesarean section patients under epidural anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1996;83(5):982-6. - PubMed
Pan 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pan P, Moore C, Fragneto R, Ross V, Justis G. Is antiemetic prophylaxis cost-effective for cesarean section patients [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2000;93(3A):A1092.
    1. Pan PH, Moore C, Fragneto R, Ross V, Justis G. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of prophylactic ondansetron versus metoclopramide for cesarean section patients under epidural anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2000;92 Suppl:A40.
    1. Pan PH, Moore CH. Comparing the efficacy of prophylactic metoclopramide, ondansetron, and placebo in cesarean section patients given epidural anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2001;13(6):430-5. - PubMed
    1. Pan PH, Moore CM. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of prophylactic ondansetron versus metoclopramide for cesarean section patients under epidural anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2000;90 Suppl:S295. - PubMed
Pan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Pan AK, Rudra A. Prophylactic single dose intravenous administration of ondansetron in the prevention of postoperative emetic symptoms during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;47(3):178-80.
Parra‐Guiza 2018 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN57227250. Prevention of nausea and vomiting comparing ondansetron and dexamethasone versus placebo in cesarean section under regional anesthesia. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN57227250 (7 July 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01812416]
    1. Parra-Guiza R, Melendez HJ, Ochoa ME. Prophylactic efficacy of ondansetron and dexamethasone in nausea and vomit in patients undergoing cesarean section with neuraxial opioids. Controlled clinical trial. Medicas UIS 2018;31(1):31-8. [DOI: 10.18273/revmed.v31n1-2018004] - DOI
Pazoki 2018 {published data only}
    1. Pazoki S, Modir H, Kamali A, Zamani A, Shahidani M. Ondansetron 8 mg and 4 mg with normal saline against post-operative headache and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia: a randomized double-blind trial. Medical Gas Research 2018;8(2):48-53. [CENTRAL: CN-01617025] [EMBASE: 622985422] - PMC - PubMed
Peixoto 2006 {published data only}
    1. Peixoto AJ, Celich MF, Zardo L, Peixoto Filho AJ. Ondansetron or droperidol for prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006;23(8):670-5. - PubMed
Quiney 1995 {published data only}
    1. Quiney NF, Murphy PG. The effect of pretreatment with glycopyrrolate on emetic and hypotensive problems during caesarean section conducted under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995;4:66-7.
Rasooli 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rasooli S, Moslemi F, Khaki A. Effect of sub hypnotic doses of propofol and midazolam for nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 2014;4(4):e19384. - PMC - PubMed
Rudra 2004a {published data only}
    1. Rudra A, Halder R, Sen A, Kundu S. Efficacy of low dose propofol for control of emetic episodes during caesarean delivery with spinal anaesthesia. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;48(1):31-4.
Sahoo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sahoo T, SenDasgupta C, Goswami A, Hazra A. Reduction in spinal-induced hypotension with ondansetron in parturients undergoing caesarean section: A double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2012;21(1):24-8. - PubMed
Sanansilp 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sanansilp V, Areewatana S, Tonsukchai N. Droperidol and the side effects of epidural morphine after cesarean section. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;86(3):532-7. - PubMed
Selzer 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kjaer K. Dexamethasone for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cesarean sections. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01734161 (27 November 2012). [CENTRAL: CN-01538899]
    1. Selzer A, Pryor KO, Tangel V, O'Connell K, Kjaer K. The effect of intravenous dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting after Cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine: a randomized-controlled trial [Effet de la dexamethasone intraveineuse sur les nausees et vomissements postoperatoires apres un accouchement par cesarienne avec morphine intrathecale: un essai randomise controle]. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2020;67:817-26. [CENTRAL: CN-02072818] [EMBASE: 2004140352] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Selzer AR, Pick J, Abramovitz S, Gadalla F, Darwich A, Kjaer K. The effect of a single dose of intravenous dexamethasone on nausea and vomiting when administered prior to intrathecal morphine for cesarean section: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. In: Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) 47th Annual Meeting; 2015 May 13-17; Colorado, USA. 2015:T-03.
Shabana 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shabana AM, Nasr ES, Moawad HE. Effect of ketamine on intraoperative nausea and vomiting during elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a placebo-controlled prospective randomized double blinded study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;28(2):169-74.
Shen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shen YJ, Yin YQ, Zhang YJ, Zhu Q, Zhang JH, Zhao W, et al. Efficacy of intravenous scopolamine for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 2012;34(1):32-7. - PubMed
Stein 1997 {published data only}
    1. Stein DJ, Birnbach DJ, Danzer BI, Kuroda MM, Grunebaum A, Thys DM. Acupressure versus intravenous metoclopramide to prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1997;84(2):342-5. - PubMed
Tarhan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tarhan O, Canbay O, Celebi N, Uzun S, Sahin A, Coskun F, et al. Subhypnotic doses of midazolam prevent nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Minerva Anestesiologica 2007;73(12):629-33. - PubMed
Tkachenko 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tkachenko R, Pyasetska N. The efficiency of intrathecal dexamethasone for spinal anaesthesia in elective caesarean section. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019;44(10):A192. [CENTRAL: CN-01999210] [EMBASE: 629475510]
Tzeng 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tzeng JI, Wang JJ, Ho ST, Tang CS, Liu YC, Lee SC. Dexamethasone for prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting after epidural morphine for post-Caesarean section analgesia: comparison of droperidol and saline. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(6):865-8. - PubMed
Uerpairojkit 2017 {published data only}
    1. TCTR20160216003. Ondansetron for prophylaxis of spinal morphine induced nausea during early rooming in breastfeeding: a randomized placebo controlled trial. http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=regtrials&menu=trialsea... (16 February 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01882139]
    1. Uerpairojkit K, Chesoh A, Budcharoentong D. Ondansetron for prophylaxis of spinal morphine induced nausea during early rooming in breastfeeding: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2016;123(3 Suppl):286-7. [CENTRAL: CN-01783979] [EMBASE: 612648638]
    1. Uerpairojkit K, Chesoh A, Budcharoentong D. Ondansetron for prophylaxis of spinal morphine induced nausea during early rooming in breastfeeding: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Chotmaihet Thangphaet [Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand] 2017;100(12):1283-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01451211] [EMBASE: 620181091]
Ure 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ure D, James KS, McNeill M, Booth JV. Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82(2):277-9. - PubMed
Voigt 2013 {published data only}
    1. Voigt M, Frohlich CW, Huttel C, Kranke P, Mennen J, Boessneck O, et al. Prophylaxis of intra- and postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients during cesarean section in spinal anesthesia. Medical Science Monitor 2013;19:993-1000. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wang JJ, Ho ST, Wong CS, Tzeng JI, Liu HS, Ger LP. Dexamethasone prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting after epidural morphine for post-cesarean analgesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;48(2):185-90. - PubMed
Weiss 1995 {published data only}
    1. Weiss MD, Diaz F, Zuberi F, Milman B, Pasricha S. Subhypnotic doses of propofol for prevention of postoperative pruritus and nausea in cesarean section patients given spinal opioids. Anesthesiology 1995;83(3A):A960.
Wu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wu JI, Lo Y, Chia YY, Liu K, Fong WP, Yang LC, et al. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine for cesarean section: a randomized comparison of dexamethasone, droperidol, and a combination. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2007;16(2):122-7. - PubMed
Yazigi 2002 {published data only}
    1. Yazigi A, Chalhoub V, Madi-Jebara S, Haddad F, Hayek G. Prophylactic ondansetron is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting but not on pruritis after cesarean delivery with intrathecal sufentanil-morphine. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2002;14:183-6. - PubMed
Zeraati 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zeraati H, Shahinfar J, Hesari SI, Masrorniya M, Nasimi F. The effect of ginger extract on the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 2016;6(5):e38943. [CENTRAL: CN-01760273] [EMBASE: 612722027] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abadi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Abadi F, IRCT20171015036784N3. The effect of acupressure on anxiety before cesarean section and nausea, vomiting and pain after cesarean section in woman admitted to hospital. http://en.irct.ir/trial/27409 (29 January 2018).
Abboud 1984 {published data only}
    1. Abboud TK, Curtis J, Earl S, Henriksen EH, Hughes SC, Levinson G, et al. Efficacy of clear antacid prophylaxis in obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1984;28:301-4. - PubMed
Abdalla 2019 {published data only}
    1. Abdalla E, Kamel EZ, Farrag WS. Intravenous dexamethasone combined with intrathecal atropine to prevent morphine-related nausea and vomiting after cesarean delivery: a randomized double-blinded study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2019;35(1):65-70. [CENTRAL: CN-02049281] [EMBASE: 2003858082]
Abdellah 2018 {published data only}
    1. Abdellah MS, Abbas AM, Ali MK, Mahmoud A, Abdullah SA. Uterine exteriorization versus intraperitoneal repair: effect on intraoperative nausea and vomiting during repeat cesarean delivery - a randomized clinical trial. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGynObstetrics and Gynaecology 2018;10(3):131-7. [CENTRAL: CN-02089474] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ackerman 1987 {published data only}
    1. Ackerman WE, Colclough GW, Guiler JM, Guilder DS, Akin JM. Epidural lipophilic opioids administered prophylactically for control of nausea, vomiting and pain during cesarean section. In: Proceedings of 19th Annual Meeting of Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology; 1987 May 20-23; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1987:143.
Ackerman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Ackerman WE, Juneja MM, Colclough GW, Kaczorowski DM. Epidural fentanyl significantly decreases nausea and vomiting during uterine manipulation in awake patients undergoing cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1988;69:A679.
Ackerman 1989 {published data only}
    1. Ackerman WE, Juneja MM, Colclough GW, Kaczorowski DM. Epidural lipophilic opioids significantly decrease nausea and emesis during uterine manipulation in awake patients undergoing cesarean section. Regional Anesthesia 1989;14(2):23.
Afsargharehbagh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Afsargharehbagh R, Mosaed S, Nasiri A, Afshari M, Moosazadeh M. Comparison of the effects of intravenous metoclopramide and ondansetron on prevention of nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Biomedical Research (India) 2018;29(15):3043-6. [CENTRAL: CN-01645172] [EMBASE: 623939714]
    1. Afsargharehbagh R. Comparison of the effects of intravenous metoclopramide and ondansetron on prevention of nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170502033762N2 2018 2018:[CENTRAL: CN-01895567; CRS: 10795276; CRSREP: 10795276]. [CENTRAL: CN-01895567]
Alghanem 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04140058. Hemodynamic protection of preoperative ondansetron 15 minutes before spinal anaesthesia in caesarean. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04140058 2019 Oct 25. [CENTRAL: CN-01994383]
Alipour 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017021112251N4. effects of midazolam and ondansetron on nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia [Comparison effects of intravenous midazolam and ondansetron on nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section]. http://en.irct.ir/trial/12347 (27 May 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01888925]
Allen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Allen T, NCT01812057. Dexamethasone as an analgesic adjunct for post-cesarean delivery pain relief. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01812057 (15 March 2013).
Ananthakrishnan 2004 {published data only}ISRCTN66467815
    1. Ananthakrishnan A, ISRCTN66467815. Preoperative fasting and postoperative nausea and vomiting after elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a randomised controlled study. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN66467815 (30 September 2004).
Anonymous 2010 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2009-013543-11-GB. A comparison of nausea with two routine ways of managing low blood pressure after delivery of the baby during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. - nausea during Caesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2009-013543-11-GB 2010. [CENTRAL: CN-01883407]
Askar 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03165123. Effect of using erythromycin a versus placebo with dexamethasone in prevention of post-spinal nausea and vomiting. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03165123 2017 May 15. [CENTRAL: CN-01575273]
Atalay 2010 {published data only}
    1. Atalay C, Aksoy M, Aksoy AN, Dogan N, Kursad H. Combining intrathecal bupivacaine and meperidine during caesarean section to prevent spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension and other side-effects. Journal of International Medical Research 2010;38(5):1626-36. - PubMed
Atkinson 1980 {published data only}
    1. Atkinson RE, Thomas T, Nicholas AD, Anderson I. An antacid comparison trial. Anaesthesia 1980;35:1126-30.
Avramovic 1979 {published data only}
    1. Avramovic D, Sulovic V, Lazarevic B, Cvetkovic M, Milacic D. Prevention of postoperative abdominal discomfort and gastrointestinal distension after cesarean section by use of simeticon. Jugoslavenska Ginekologija i Opstetricija 1979;19(5-6):307-11. - PubMed
Ayorinde 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ayorinde B, Brown J, Buczkowski P, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Prevention of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section: comparative study of pre-emptive vasopressors. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;84(2):277P-288P. - PubMed
    1. Ayorinde BT, Buczkowski P, Brown J, Shah J, Buggy DJ. Evaluation of pre-emptive intramuscular phenylephrine and ephedrine for reduction of spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension during caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86(3):372-6. - PubMed
Banihashem 2011 {published data only}
    1. Banihashem N, Hassannasab B, Naziri F, Rahimifar AR, Hosseini V, Shirkhani Z. Comparison of the prophylactic effect of ondansetron and dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting after intrathecal meperidine in women scheduled for elective cesarean section. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences 2011;13(3):30-3.
Belzarena 1993 {published data only}
    1. Belzarena SD. Addition of epinephrine to a combination of bupivacaine and fentanyl in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Regional Anesthesia 1993;18S1:15.
Bifarini 1990 {published data only}
    1. Bifarini G, Trabalza N, Falconi S, Mala L, Favetta P. Effects on newborn of pharmacological prophylaxis for Mendelson's syndrome. Minerva Anestesiologica 1990;56:1447-50. - PubMed
Bifarini 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bifarini G, Favetta P, Ciammiti B, Cirulli P, Del Sindaco F, Pasqualucci A. Pharmacological prevention of Mendelson's syndrome: controlled clinical trial. Minerva Anestesiologica 1992;58(3):95-9. - PubMed
Biwas 2002 {published data only}
    1. Biwas SC, Biswas BN, Rudra A, Pan A. A comparative study of metoclopramide, glycopyrrolate and combination of metoclopramide and glycopyrrolate in control of intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2002;52(3):73-5.
Bonhomme 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bonhomme V, Brichant JF, Wuilmart M, Dewandre PY, Hans P. Droperidol reduces nausea after caesarean section but alters the neurological status of the breastfed infants [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96:A1044.
Boschi 1984 {published data only}
    1. Boschi S, Di MMG, Pigna A, Rossi R. The effect of ranitidine on gastric ph and volume in patients undergoing cesarean section: Possible relationship to Mendelson's syndrome. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1984;35(4):654-62.
Briao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Briao FF, Horta ML, Horta BL, Barros GA, Behrensdorf AP, Severo I, et al. Comparison of droperidol and ondansetron prophylactic effect on subarachnoid morphine-induced pruritus [Comparacao dos efeitos profilaticos do droperidol e do ondansetron sobre o prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea]. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia 2015;65(4):244-8. - PubMed
Brock‐Utne 1989 {published data only}
    1. Brock-Utne JG, Rout C, Moodley J, Mayat N. Influence of preoperative gastric aspiration on the volume and pH of gastric contents in obstetric patients undergoing caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1989;62:397-401. - PubMed
Brody 2008 {published data only}
    1. Brody R. Study of the effect of intramuscular ephedrine on the incidence of nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 20 February 2008).
Bylsma‐Howell 1983 {published data only}
    1. Bylsma-Howell M, McMorland GH, Rurak DW, McErlane B, Axelson JE. Placental transport of metoclopramide: assessment of maternal and neonatal effects. Canadian Anaesthetists Society Journal 1983;30:487-92. - PubMed
Chan 1992 {published data only}
    1. Chan YK. A comparison of sodium citrate and sodium citrate/ranitidine combination for acid aspiration prophylaxis. Medical Journal of Malaysia 1992;47(1):27-30. - PubMed
Chan 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chan WS, Irwin MG, Tong WN, Lam YH. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion versus fluid preload. Anaesthesia 1997;52(9):908-13. - PubMed
Chang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chang FL, Sheen MJ. Efficacy of mirtazapine in preventing intrathecal morphine-induced nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2011;36(5):511. - PubMed
Chattopadhyay 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chattopadhyay S, Goswami S. Palonosetron versus ramosetron prophylaxis for control of postoperative nausea and vomiting after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2015;65(1):28-33. - PMC - PubMed
Chaudhuri 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chaudhuri K, Chaudhuri S, Lampe C, Rivera J, Solis-Estrada J. Does addition of dolasetron to metoclopramide alter nausea and vomiting in cesarean section patients under regional anesthesia [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2004;101 Suppl:A1234.
Chauhan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chauhan D, Bhavsar M. Comparison of ramosetron and ondansetron for prevention of nausea and vomiting after carboprost in LSCS patients under spinal anesthesia. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;3(3):581-4.
Chen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chen HM, Chang FY, Hsu CT. Effect of acupressure on nausea, vomiting, anxiety and pain among post-cesarean section women in Taiwan. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2005;21(8):341-50. - PMC - PubMed
Chestnut 1989 {published data only}
    1. Chestnut DH, Owen CL, Geiger M, Bates JN, Choi WW, Ostman PL. Metoclopramide versus droperidol for prevention of nausea and vomiting during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Southern Medical Journal 1989;82(10):1224-7. - PubMed
    1. Chestnut DH, Owen CL, Ostman LG, Bates JN, Choi WW. A comparison of metoclopramide and droperidol for prevention of nausea and vomiting during and after elective cesarean section with epidural anesthesia. In: Proceedings of 19th Annual Meeting of Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology; 1987 May 20-23; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1987:118.
Chung 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chung CJ, Kim JS, Park HS, Chin YJ. The efficacy of intrathecal neostigmine, intrathecal morphine, and their combination for post-cesarean section analgesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998;87(2):341-6. - PubMed
Cohen 1984 {published data only}
    1. Cohen SE, Barrier G. Does metoclopramide decrease gastric volume in cesarean section patients? Anesthesiology 1983;59:A403. - PubMed
    1. Cohen SE, Jasson J, Talafre ML, Chauvelot-Moachon L, Barrier G. Does metoclopramide decrease the volume of gastric contents in patients undergoing cesarean section? Anesthesiology 1984;61:604-7. - PubMed
Cohen 2016a {published data only}
    1. NCT02960113. Scopolamine patch and acupressure point P6 stimulation for reduction of nausea and vomiting during cesarean section. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02960113 (first received 2016 Nov 7). [CENTRAL: CN-01559905]
Colman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Colman RD, Frank M, Loughnan BA, Cohen DG, Cattermole R. Use of i.m. ranitidine for the prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonitis in obstetrics. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1988;61:720-9. - PubMed
Connelly 1997 {published data only}
    1. Connelly NR, Rahimi A, Parker RK. Nalmefene or naloxone for preventing intrathecal opioid mediated side effects in cesarean delivery patients. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1997;6:231-4. - PubMed
Cooper 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, Desira WR, Ryall DM, Kokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2002;97:1582-90. - PubMed
Cowan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cowan CM, Kendall JB, Barclay PM, Wilkes RG. Comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and diamorphine in addition to bupivacaine for caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;89(3):452-8. - PubMed
Dahlgren 1997 {published data only}
    1. Dahlgren G, Hultstrand C, Jakobsson J, Norman M, Eriksson EW, Martin H. Intrathecal sufentanil, fentanyl, or placebo added to bupivacaine for cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1997;85(6):1288-93. - PubMed
Dailey 1988 {published data only}
    1. Dailey PA, Hughes SC, Rosen MA, Healy K, Cheek DB, Pytka S, et al. Lidocaine levels during cesarean section after pretreatment with ranitidine or cimetidine. Anesthesiology 1985;63:444.
    1. Dailey PA, Hughes SC, Rosen MA, Healy K, Cheek DB, Shnider SM. Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on lidocaine concentrations during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1988;69:1013-7. - PubMed
Datta 1982 {published data only}
    1. Datta S, Alper MH, Ostheimer GW, Weiss JB. Method of ephedrine administration and nausea and hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1982;56:68-70. - PubMed
Demirhan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Demirhan A, Tekelioglu YU, Akkaya A, Ozlu T, Yildiz I, Bayir H, et al. Antiemetic effects of dexamethasone and ondansetron combination during cesarean sections under spinal anaesthesia. African Health Sciences 2013;13(2):475-82. - PMC - PubMed
Dereu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dereu D, Savoldelli G L, Mercier Y, Combescure C, Mathivon S, Rehberg B. The impact of a transversus abdominis plane block including clonidine vs. intrathecal morphine on nausea and vomiting after caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2019;36(8):575-82. [CENTRAL: CN-01978373] [EMBASE: 628756444] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dewan 1982 {published data only}
    1. Dewan DM, Wheeler AS, James FM III, Floyd HM, Rhyne L. Antacid anticholinergic regimens in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Canadian Anaesthetists Society Journal 1982;29:27-30. - PubMed
Dewan 1984 {published data only}
    1. Dewan DM, Floyd HM, Thistlewood JM, Bogard TD. Sodium citrate premedication for elective cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1984;63:205. - PubMed
Dewan 1985 {published data only}
    1. Dewan DM, Floyd HM, Thistlewood JM, Bogard TD, Spielman FJ. Sodium citrate pretreatment in elective cesarean section patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1985;64:34-7. - PubMed
Dundee 1979 {published data only}
    1. Dundee JW, Howe JP, Moore J, McCaughey W. Effect of cimetidine on gastric pH in women undergoing elective caesarean section [proceedings]. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1979;8:391P-2P. - PubMed
El‐Deeb 2011 {published data only}
    1. El-Deeb A, Abd el Motlb E. Prophylactic multimodal antiemetic in women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;27(2):107-11.
Elhakim 2005 {published data only}
    1. Elhakim M, El-Megid WA, Metry A, El-hennawy A, El-Queseny K. Analgesic and antacid properties of i.m. tramadol given before caesarean section under general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2005;95(6):811-5. - PubMed
El Khouly 2016 {published data only}
    1. El Khouly NI, Meligy AM. Randomized controlled trial comparing ondansetron and placebo for the reduction of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension during elective cesarean delivery in Egypt. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2016;135(2):205-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01368664] [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.06.012] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. PACTR201601001397193. Ondasterone during spinal anaesthesia for elective caeserian section [tTe effect of ondasterone versus placebo in reduction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section:a prospective randomises trial]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PACTR201601001397193 2015. [CENTRAL: CN-01824697]
Elmetwally 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03932578. Intrathecal atropine vs IV metoclopramide for nausea & vomiting during CS. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03932578 (first received 2019 April 30). [CENTRAL: CN-01931707]
El Saied Hafez 2017 {published data only}
    1. El Saied Hafez MH, El Din Abdelhamid MH, Youssef MM, Abdelrahim IK. Randomized controlled trial of two oral regimens of gabapentin versus placebo in patients for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia regarding postoperative pain, sedation, nausea and vomiting. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2017;33(1):59-65. [CENTRAL: CN-01332566] [EMBASE: 613962944]
Ewart 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ewart MC, Yau G, Gin T, Kotur CF, Oh TE. A comparison of oral omeprazole and ranitidine as premedication for elective caesarean section. In: Proceedings of Spring Meeting of Obstetric Anaesthetists Associationl; 1990; London, UK. 1990:33.
    1. Ewart MC, Yau G, Gin T, Kotur CF, Oh TE. A comparison of the effects of omeprazole and ranitidine on gastric secretion in women undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1990;45:527-30. - PubMed
Fan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fan SZ, Susetio L, Wang YP, Cheng YJ, Liu CC. Low dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with epidural lidocaine for cesarean section - a balance block technique. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1994;78:474-7. - PubMed
Farzi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Farzi F, Ghazanfar Tehran S, Mirmansouri A, Naderi Nabi B, Atrkar Roushan Z, Nematollahi Sani M, et al. Comparing the effect of adding fentanyl, sufentanil, and placebo with intrathecal bupivacaine on duration of analgesia and complications of spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 2017;7(5):e12738. - PMC - PubMed
Fattahi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fattahi Z, Hadavi SM, Sahmeddini MA. Effect of ondansetron on post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) in parturients undergoing cesarean section: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Journal of Anesthesia 2015;29(5):702-7. [CENTRAL: CN-01256596] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Fazel 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fazel N, Pejhan A, Taghizadeh M, Tabarayi Y, Rivadeh F, Farkhondeh L. The effect of anethum graveolens L. oil consumption on the intensity of nausea after cesarean section. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2017;20(7):18-24. [CENTRAL: CN-01440150] [EMBASE: 619421387]
Flynn 1989a {published data only}
    1. Flynn RJ, Moore J, Collier PS, McClean E. Does pretreatment with cimetidine and ranitidine affect the disposition of bupivacaine? British Journal of Anaesthesia 1989;62:87-91. - PubMed
Flynn 1989b {published data only}
    1. Flynn RJ, Moore J, Collier PS, Howard PJ. Effect of intravenous cimetidine on lignocaine disposition during extradural caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1989;44:739-41. - PubMed
    1. Flynn RJ, Moore J. Does cimetidine effect plasma lidocaine levels in the parturient? Anesthesia and Analgesia 1989;68:S87. - PubMed
Flynn 1989c {published data only}
    1. Flynn RJ, Moore J, Collier PS, Howard PJ. Single dose oral H2-antagonists do not affect plasma lidocaine levels in the parturient. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1989;33:593-6. - PubMed
    1. Flynn RJ, Moore J. Effect of H2-receptor antagonists on plasma lignocaine concentrations in the obstetric patient. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1988;61:512P.
    1. Flynn RJ, Moore J. Lack of effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on lidocaine disposition in the parturient. Anesthesiology 1988;69:A656.
Fogarty 1992 {published data only}
    1. Fogarty DJ, Moore J. Further investigations of omeprazole in obstetric patients. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992;1:180.
Frank 1984 {published data only}
    1. Frank M, Evans M, Flynn P, Aun C. Comparison of the prophylactic use of magnesium trisilicate mixture BPC, sodium citrate mixture or cimetidine in obstetrics. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1984;56:355-61. - PubMed
Freeman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Freeman J, Lafreniere L, Watkins E, Dresner M. Does sodium citrate increase sickness associated with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section? British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:160.
Fujii 1998a {published data only}
    1. Editors. Retraction. Granisetron prevents nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2013;57(4):535. - PubMed
    1. Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Granisetron prevents nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1998;42(3):312-5. - PubMed
Fujii 1998b {published data only}
    1. Editors. Retraction. Prevention of nausea and vomiting with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2013;57(4):537. - PubMed
    1. Fujii Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Prevention of nausea and vomiting with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1998;42(8):921-5. - PubMed
Fujii 1999 {published data only}
    1. Fujii Y, Saitoh Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Granisetron/dexamethasone combination for reducing nausea and vomiting during and after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1999;88(6):1346-50. - PubMed
    1. Fujii Y, Saitoh Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H. Granisetron/dexamethasone combination for reducing nausea and vomiting during and after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1999;88:1346-50. Retraction. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2013;116(3):744. - PubMed
Fujii 2002 {published data only}
    1. Editors. Notice of retraction: "dexamethasone for the prevention of nausea and vomiting after dilatation and curettage: a randomized controlled trial" (fujii and uemura) and "dose-range effects of propofol for reducing emetic symptoms during cesarean delivery" (fujii and numazaki). Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;121(6):1362. - PubMed
    1. Fujii Y, Numazaki M. Dose-range effects of propofol for reducing emetic symptoms during cesarean delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;99:75-9. - PubMed
Fujii 2004 {published data only}
    1. Fujii Y, Numazaki M. RETRACTED: Randomized, double-blind comparison of subhypnotic-dose propofol alone and combined with dexamethasone for emesis in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Clinical Therapeutics 2004;26(8):1286-91. - PubMed
Gaiser 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gaiser RR, Dong Y, Cheek TG, Gutsche BB. Does increased intravenous hydration decrease the incidence of nausea/vomiting following cesarean section? [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2002;96(Suppl 1):P83.
Galehdar 2011 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201101125596N1. Effect of oxygen therapy on nausea and vomiting [Comparison of administration of supplemental oxygen on nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section]. http://en.irct.ir/trial/6012 (12 July 2011). [CENTRAL: CN-01852117]
Galehdar 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201603155596N3. Comparative effect of Ondansetron and acupressure on nausea and vomiting. http://en.irct.ir/trial/6013 (12 April 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01816375]
Gangadhara Gowda 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gangadhara Gowda KG, Dhorigol MG. Comparision of intrathecal fentanyl and intravenous ondansetron for prevention of nausea -vomiting during cesarean delivery with spinal anaesthesia. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2014;5(4):147-50. [CENTRAL: CN-01084135] [EMBASE: 604818070]
George 2018 {published data only}
    1. George RB, McKeen DM, Dominguez JE, Allen TK, Doyle PA, Habib AS. A randomized trial of phenylephrine infusion versus bolus dosing for nausea and vomiting during cesarean delivery in obese women [Une etude randomisee comparant une perfusion versus un bolus de phenylephrine chez des femmes obeses pour traiter les nausees et vomissements pendant un accouchement par cesarienne]. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2018;65(3):254-62. [CENTRAL: CN-01442476] [EMBASE: 619600558] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01481740. A double blind randomized controlled trial of phenylephrine for the prevention of spinal induced hypotension in obese parturients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01481740.
Ghods 2005a {published data only}
    1. Ghods AA, Soleimani M, Narimani M. Effect of postoperative supplemental oxygen on nausea and vomiting after cesarean birth. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing 2005;20(3):200-5. - PubMed
Gunka 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01841606. The effect of ondansetron on cardiac output in elective cesarean deliveries. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01841606 (first received 2013 Mar 11). [CENTRAL: CN-01541847]
Gutsche 1976 {published data only}
    1. Gutsche BB. Prophylactic ephedrine preceding spinal analgesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976;45:462-5. - PubMed
Habib 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03931135. Cyclizine Vs. dexamethasone for nausea and vomiting following intrathecal morphine in cases of cesarean section. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03931135 2019 Apr 30. [CENTRAL: CN-01931679]
Hackworth 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT01414777. Intravenous ondansetron to attenuate the hypotensive, bradycardic response to spinal anesthesia in healthy parturients. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01414777 2010 Sep 16. [CENTRAL: CN-02018275]
Hafez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hafez MH, Abdelhamid MH, Youssef MM, Abdelrahim IK. Randomized controlled trial of two oral regimens of gabapentin versus placebo in patients for Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia regarding postoperative pain, sedation, nausea and vomiting. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2017;33(1):59-65.
Hajian 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hajian P, Malekianzadeh B, Davoudi M. Efficacy of intravenous ondansetron on hemodynamic complications in women undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Galen Medical Journal 2016;5(1):13-8. [CENTRAL: CN-01329765] [EMBASE: 614203795]
Hamzei 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hamzei A, Nazemi SH, Alami A, Gochan AD, Kazemi A. Comparing different epinephrine concentrations for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;40(4):302-8. - PMC - PubMed
Han 2007 {published data only}
    1. Han DW, Hong SW, Kwon JY, Lee JW, Kim KJ. Epidural ondansetron is more effective to prevent postoperative pruritus and nausea than intravenous ondansetron in elective cesarean delivery. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2007;86:683-7. - PubMed
Hildyard 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hildyard C, Freeman J, Dresner M. Reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting following elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia [abstract]. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000;9:199.
    1. Hildyard CL, Quinn A, Dresner M, Freeman J. Cyclizine reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting after elective caesarean section with intrathecal diamorphine [abstract]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;87(4):672P.
Hodgkinson 1983 {published data only}
    1. Hodgkinson R, Glassenberg R, Joyce TH, Coombs DW, Ostheimer GW, Gibbs CP. Comparison of cimetidine (Tagamet) with antacid for safety and effectiveness in reducing gastric acidity before elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1983;59:86-90. - PubMed
Holdsworth 1974 {published data only}
    1. Holdsworth JD, Furness RM, Roulston RG. A comparison of apomorphine and stomach tubes for emptying the stomach before general anaesthesia in obstetrics. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1974;46:526-9. - PubMed
Holdsworth 1978 {published data only}
    1. Holdsworth JD. The place of apomorphine prior to obstetric analgesia. Journal of International Medical Research 1978;6:26-32. - PubMed
Holdsworth 1980 {published data only}
    1. Holdsworth JD, Johnson K, Mascall G, Gwynne Roulston R, Tomlinson PA. Mixing of antacids with stomach contents. Anaesthesia 1980;35:641-50. - PubMed
Hong 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hong JY. Effect of dextrose on preoperative gastric content and serum gastrin [abstract]. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2004;51(Suppl 1):A57.
Hunt 1989 {published data only}
    1. Hunt CO, Naulty JS, Bader AM, Hauch MA, Vartikar JV, Datta S, et al. Perioperative analgesia with subarachnoid fentanyl-bupivacaine for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 1989;71:535-40. - PubMed
Husemeyer 1980 {published data only}
    1. Husemeyer RP, Davenport HT. Prophylaxis for Mendelson's syndrome before elective caesarean section. A comparison of cimetidine and magnesium trisilicate mixture regimens. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1980;87:565-70. - PubMed
Huseyinogclu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Huseyinogclu U, Ulker K. Preoperative use of 10-mg metoclopramide and 50-mg dimenhydrinate in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective caesarean births: a prospective randomized clinical study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2016;66(4):252-8. - PMC - PubMed
Hussain 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hussain S, Khan RA, Iqbal M, Shafiq M, Khan FA. A comparison of the effects of erythromycin and metoclopramide on gastric fluid volume and pH in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2011;15(3):148-52.
Hussain 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hussain M, Ishaq N, Yusaf A. Comparison of acid reducing properties of tramadol and ranitidine given before caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(1):129-32.
Imeh 2014 {published data only}
    1. Imeh A, Olaniyi O, Simeon O, Omotola O. Dexamethasone versus a combination of dexamethasone and ondansetron as prophylactic antiemetic in patients receiving intrathecal morphine for caesarean section. African Health Sciences 2014;14(2):453-9. - PMC - PubMed
Iqbal 2000 {published data only}
    1. Iqbal MS, Ashfaque M, Akram M. Gastric fluid volume and pH: a comparison of effects of ranitidine alone with combination of ranitidine and metoclopramide in patients undergoing elective caesarean section. Annals of King Edward Medical College 2000;6(2):189-91.
Ishiyama 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ishiyama T, Yamaguchi T, Kashimoto S, Kumazawa T. Effects of epidural fentanyl and intravenous flurbiprofen for visceral pain during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Anesthesia 2001;15:69-73. - PubMed
Jabalameli 2011 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201010232405N5. The effect of remifentanil or fentanyl on postoperative nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201010232405N5 2010. [CENTRAL: CN-01847612]
    1. Jabalameli M, Rouholamin S, Gourtanian F. A comparison of the effects of fentanyl and remifentanil on nausea, vomiting, and pain after cesarean section. IRCS Journal of Medical Science 2011;30(3):183-7. - PMC - PubMed
Jabalameli 2012 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201201302405N10. Comparison of midazoalm, ondansetron, and a combination for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. http://en.irct.ir/trial/2107 (16 February 2012). [CENTRAL: CN-01869823] - PMC - PubMed
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Jacquemyn 2013 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN95504420. A study on side effects such as nausea and vomitus after medication to prevent excessive bleeding after a caesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN95504420 2013. [CENTRAL: CN-01851736]
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    1. CTRI/2017/11/010517. Effect of rabeprazole and ranitidine in reducing stomach volume in women undergoing cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/11/010517 2017. [CENTRAL: CN-01887815]
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Karaoren 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT03834259. The effects of keeping the patient in a sitting position for one minute after spinal anesthesia. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03834259 2019 Feb 7. [CENTRAL: CN-01702416]
Karimi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Karimi A, Nejadi J, Shamseh M, Ronasi N, Birjandi M. Comparison of the effects of dexamethasone and ondansetron on the reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting following cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Current Clinical Pharmacology 2020;2 March:Epub ahead of print. [DOI: 10.2174/1574884715666200302122800] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Kiasari 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016112631095N1. Clinical trial of comparison of intrathecal with intravenous Dexamethasone to reduce post operation complications after cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016112631095N1 2017. [CENTRAL: CN-01882270]
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Kita 2018 {published data only}
    1. JMA-IIA00398. The efficacy of epidural anesthesia for the prevention of intraoperative nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section [The efficacy of epidural anesthesia for the prevention of intraoperative nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section under combined epidural and spinal anesthesia]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-JMA-IIA00398 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01950126]
Kjaer 2006 {published data only}
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Kumar 2017 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/10/009964. Effect of Ondansetron - a preventer of nausea and vomiting on change in blood pressure and heart rate after spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing cesarean section. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=19014 (first received 3 October 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01894769]
Lal 2018 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/03/012692. A study to evaluate the effect of ondansetron on blood pressure in pregnant females undergoing caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/03/012692 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01901385]
Landa 2016 {published data only}
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Madhumala 2019 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/06/019923. Ondansetron (Anti - emetic) vs chewing gum for prevention of nausea and vomiting after caesarean delivery. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2019/06/019923 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-02065830]
Malekianzadeh 2012 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201111138090N1. Ondansetron effect in cesarean [Effect of intravenous ondansetron in preventing hypotension in elective cesarean patients under spinal anesthesia]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201111138090N1 2012. [CENTRAL: CN-01815470]
Manullang 2000 {published data only}
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Mofrad 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20191015045121N1. Effect of ondansetron in prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20191015045121N1 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-02069874]
Mokhtar 2016 {published data only}
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Naja 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02793843. Ondansetron vs ondansetron plus dexamethasone for relieving intrathecal morphine side effects after C-section. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02793843 (first received 2016 Jun 3). [CENTRAL: CN-01558842]
Nallam 2017 {published data only}
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Nantasupha 2016 {published data only}
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    1. NCT00892996. Efficacy of prevention for postoperative nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine in cesarean section. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00892996 (first received 2009 May 3). [CENTRAL: CN-01500726]
Nivatpumin 2016 {published data only}
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    1. IRCT201611028611N3. The effect of ginger versus metoclopramide in prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anaesthesia. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201611028611N3 2017. [CENTRAL: CN-01878702]
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Popivanov 2019 {published data only}
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Prakash 2006 {published data only}
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    1. CTRI/2019/02/017489. Effect of ondansetron in decreasing occurrence of low blood pressure during caesarean operation in pregnant women with high blood pressure. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2019/02/017489 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01972137]
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    1. IRCT2013042210765N2. Comparison of metoclopramide and ondansetrone with prophylactic phenylephrine infusion effects on management of nausea and vomiting associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. http://en.irct.ir/trial/11174 (14 January 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01866833]
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Ravindranathan 2018 {published data only}
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Razanejadi 2018 {published data only}
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Sadeh 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190409043219N2. Determination the effect of low dose of dexamethasone on prevention of post operative nausea and vomiting after elective cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190409043219N2 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-02069440]
Saem 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20170417033491N2. Study the effect of Bupivacaine 0.5%, Lidocaine 5%, Pethidine, Lidocaine 5% & intratecal on the incidence of decrease blood pressure, nausea and vomiting for elective caesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170417033491N2 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01906003]
Sahare 2013 {published data only}
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    1. Sane S, Hasanlui MV, Abbasivash R, Mahoori A, Hashemi ST, Rafiei F. Comparing the effect of intravenous dexamethasone, intravenous ondansetron, and their combination on nausea and vomiting in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Advanced Biomedical Research 2015;4:230. - PMC - PubMed
Sane 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016073027677N2. Clinical trial effect of midazolam and ondansetron on nausea and vomiting in parturient under cesarean with spinal anesthesia. http://en.irct.ir/trial/22619 (19 October 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01845722]
Sane 2017a {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017041527677N7. Clinical trial the effect of intravenous ondansetron and sub-hypnotic propofol dose on pruritus after intrathecal opioid in patient with elective cesarean surgery. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017041527677N7; https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017041527677N7 2017. [CENTRAL: CN-01886941]
Santos 1984 {published data only}
    1. Santos A, Datta S. Prophylactic use of droperidol for control of nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1984;63:85-7. - PubMed
Seidy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Seidy J, Farhadifar F, Ghadami N, Zandvakili F, Roshani D, Taifoori L, et al. [Effect of supplemental oxygen on the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting in the patients after cesarean surgery under spinal anesthesia]. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 2010;15(2):26-35.
Sen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Sen A, Rudra A, Sarkar SK, Biswas B. Intrathecal midazolam for postoperative pain relief in caesarean section delivery. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2001;99(12):683-4, 686. - PubMed
Seyedhejazi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Seyedhejazi M, Madarek E. The effect of small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on hemodynamic nausea and vomiting in cesarean section. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;23(5):747-50.
Shafaeiyan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shafaeiyan M, Ghods F, Rahbar M, Daneshi Z, Sadati L, Mashak B, et al. The effect of warm intravenous fluid on postoperative pain: a double-blind clinical trial. Preventive Care in Nursing & Midwifery Journal 2018;8(4):61-22.
    1. Torkmandi H, IRCT2017020232361N1. Comparison effect of warm serum and hot air radiant on prevention of Headache - nausea and vomiting after cesarean surgery. http://en.irct.ir/trial/25240 (27 June 2017).
Shafeinia 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20191007045023N1. The effect of phenylephrine on blood pressure and nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20191007045023N1 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-02069845]
    1. Shafeinia A, Ghaed MA, Nikoubakht N. The effect of phenylephrine infusion on maternal hemodynamic changes during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthetic Pain Medicine 2020;10(1):e99094. - PMC - PubMed
Shahriari 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shahriari A, Khooshideh M, Heidari MH. Prevention of nausea and vomiting in caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia with midazolam or metoclopramide? JPMA - Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2009;59(11):756-9. - PubMed
Shaikh 2015 {published data only}
    1. Shaikh SI, Govindaraju C, Hegade G. Comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and midazolam for prevention of nausea-vomiting during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2015;19(2):124-9.
Shende 1998 {published data only}
    1. Shende D, Cooper GM, Bowden MI. The influence of intrathecal fentanyl on the characteristics of subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1998;53(7):706-10. [CENTRAL: CN-00155609] [EMBASE: 1998248556] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Shifman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shifman E, Pogodin A. A comparison of different doses of dexamethasone for prevention of intraoperative nausea and vomiting during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2010;35(3):E175.
Shin 2019 {published data only}
    1. KCT0002424. Comparison of intravenous midazolam with fentanyl for sedative effect and nausea & vomiting for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. http://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/search/search_result_st01.jsp?seq=11034 (6 April 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01894486]
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Siddik‐Sayyid 2002 {published data only}
    1. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Aouad MT, Jalbout MI, Zalaket MI, Berzina CE, Baraka AS. Intrathecal versus intravenous fentanyl for supplementation of subarachnoid block during cesarean section. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2002;95:209-13. - PubMed
Singh 2018 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/12/016756. A clinical trial to study the effectiveness of a drug Granisetron to prevent shivering, nausea and vomiting, which occurs after giving spinal anaesthesia in pregnant females undergoing cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/12/016756 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01948406]
Stuart 1996 {published data only}
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Sultan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sultan P, Elkomy M, Peltz G, Clavijo C, Wu M, Galinkin JL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in non-pregnant and pregnant women. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2014;23(Suppl 1):S9.
Sutanto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sutanto LB, Bardosono S, Aziz MF, Madjid A, Purba JS. Oral nutritional supplements before surgery reduced the post-operative metabolic stress factors in cesarean section. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2013;32(Suppl 1):S124. [CENTRAL: CN-01073911] [EMBASE: 71797737]
Swaro 2018 {published data only}
    1. Swaro S, Karan D, Banerjee A. Comparison of palonosetron, dexamethasone, and palonosetron plus dexamethasone as prophylactic antiemetic and antipruritic drug in patients receiving intrathecal morphine for lower segment cesarean section. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2018;12(2):322-7. [CENTRAL: CN-02089476] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tanaka 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tanaka M, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho J. ED95 of phenylephrine to prevent hypotension and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section [abstract]. Anesthesiology 2007;106(Suppl 1):55.
Taylor 1966 {published data only}
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Tekyeh 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tekyeh SM, Tabari M, Jahanian V. Investigation the effects and side effects of different dosage of bupivacaine in combination with sufentanil for spinal anesthesia in caesarean section. [Persian]. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2013;16(66):1-9.
Terui 2014 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000014020. Prevention study of the postoperative nausea and vomiting by intraoperative intravenous acetaminophen in patients during cesarean section in regional anesthesia. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R00001... (21 May 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01826909]
Tettambel 1983 {published data only}
    1. Tettambel MA. Preoperative use of antacids to prevent Mendelson's syndrome in cesarean section: a pilot study. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 1983;82:858-60. - PubMed
Tianthong 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tianthong W, Phupong V. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy of ginger in the prevention of abdominal distention in post cesarean section patients. Scientific Reports 2018;8(1):6835. [CENTRAL: CN-01987827] [EMBASE: 629340476] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Trabelsi 2015 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000036718. The effect of ondansetron on hypotension due to spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12613000036718 2013. [CENTRAL: CN-01836126]
    1. Trabelsi W, Romdhani C, Elaskri H, Sammoud W, Bensalah M, Labbene I, et al. Effect of ondansetron on the occurrence of hypotension and on neonatal parameters during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2015;2015:Article ID 158061. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/158061] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tripathi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Tripathi A, Somwanshi M, Singh B, Bajaj P. A comparison of intravenous ranitidine and omeprazole on gastric volume and ph in women undergoing emergency caesarean section [see comments]. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;42(9):797-800. - PubMed
Tryba 1983 {published data only}
    1. Tryba M, Burkert W, Husch M, Zenz M. Effectiveness of cimetidine in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in obstetrics [Wirksamkeit von Cimetidin zur Prophylaxe der Aspirationspneumonie in der Geburtshilfe]. Fortschritte der Medizin 1983;101:1757-61. - PubMed
Tshibangu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tshibangu NA, Motte Neuville F, Gepts E, Bailly A, Nguyen T, Hirsoux L. Impact of intrathecal morphine on the tolerance of early feeding after cesarean section. Annales Francaises d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation 2010;29(2):113-6. - PubMed
Ünlügenç 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02928601. Norepinephrine consumption after prophylactic ondansetron. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02928601 2016 Oct 10. [CENTRAL: CN-02037565]
Varshney 2019 {published data only}
    1. Varshney RK, Garg M, Kapoor K, Jheetay GS. The role of ramosetron in the prevention of post-spinal shivering in obstetric patients. A prospective randomized double blind study. Romanian Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2019;26(1):37-43. [CENTRAL: CN-01959322] [EMBASE: 628323044] - PMC - PubMed
Vercauteren 2000 {published data only}
    1. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, Hoffmann VH, Mertens E, Adriaensen HA. Prevention of hypotension by a single 5-mg dose of ephedrine during small-dose spinal anesthesia in prehydrated cesarean delivery patients [see comments]. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2000;90:324-7. - PubMed
Viney 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT01479712. Intra-abdominal at cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01479712 2011 Nov 22. [CENTRAL: CN-02018754]
    1. Viney R, Isaacs C, Chelmow D. Intra-abdominal irrigation at cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;119(6):1106-11. - PubMed
von Braun 1994 {published data only}
    1. Braun GG, Koppert W, Martus P, Schywalsky M, Schmitt H, Mogendorf F, et al. Drug induced prevention of the acid aspiration syndrome in non-elective cesarean section. Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation 1994;19:37-42. - PubMed
Wang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wang J, ChiCTR-IPR-14005749. A randomised double-blind trial combining low-dose droperidol and dexamethasone to prevent gastrointestinal adverse interaction induced by hemabate during cesarean delivery. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=10171 (27 December 2014).
Wani 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wani SA, Chadha M, Prakash A, Aggarwal S. A comparison of ondansetron and P6 point acupuncture stimulation in prevention of carboprost induced nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cesarean section under subarachnoid block. Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care 2015;19(1):24-7. [CENTRAL: CN-01083864] [EMBASE: 604798011]
Wig 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wig J, Biswas GC, Malhotra SK, Gupta AN. Comparison of sodium citrate with magnesium trisilicate as pre-anaesthetic antacid in emergency caesarean sections. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1987;85:306-10. - PubMed
Xu 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03507387. Preventive intramuscular phenylephrine versus placebo in elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03507387 (first received 2018 Apr 7). [CENTRAL: CN-01568343]
Yang 2018 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800016643. Effect of preoperative 50ml water on maternal satisfaction and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800016643 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01908982]
Yau 1992 {published data only}
    1. Yau G, Kan AF, Gin T, Oh TE. A comparison of omeprazole and ranitidine for prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis in emergency caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1992;47:101-4. - PubMed
Yazdi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yazdi K, IRCT2014080218649N1. Comparison the effect of oxygen therapy with face mask and nasal cannula on blood oxygen saturation, nausea, vomiting and patient comfort in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia during caesarean section at Shohada hospital in Gonbad. http://en.irct.ir/trial/16846 (14 April 2015).
Zabetian 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014031717039N1. Comparison of Midazolam and Propofol on nausea and vomiting induced during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. http://en.irct.ir/trial/15774 (30 July 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01803823]
Zarief 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03387956d. Intravenous dexamethasone combined with intrathecal atropine to prevent morphine-related nausea and vomiting after cesarean delivery: a randomized double-blinded study. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03387956 (January 2, 2018). [CENTRAL: CN-01567125]
Zoroglu 1999 {published data only}
    1. Zoroglu F, Karamanlioglu B, Pamukcu Z. The value of nizatidine and famotidine in the prophylaxis of acid aspiration pneumonia in cesarean operation [Elektif sezaryen ameliyatlarinda nizatidin ve famotidinin asit aspirasyon pnomonisi profilaksisindeki degeri]. Turk Anesteziyoloji Ve Reanimasyon 2000;28(10):521-6.
    1. Zoroglu F, Karamanlioglu B, Unal C, Pamukcu Z. The value of nizatidine and famotidine in prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonia in caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl:159-60.
Zue 1999 {published data only}
    1. Zue AS, Meye JF, Nguema PN, Nsafu DN, Milama EN. Effervescent ranitidine before urgent caesarean section: effect on gastric pH [Ranitidine effervescente avant cesarienne en urgence: effet sur le pH gastrique]. Cahiers d'Anesthesiologie 1999;47:1-3.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Ahn 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ahn NY, Park HJ. Effects of Korean hand acupressure on opioid-related nausea and vomiting, and pain after caesarean delivery using spinal anaesthesia. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2017;28:101-7. [CENTRAL: CN-01615610] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Biswas 2002 {published data only}
    1. Biswas BN, Rudra A, Nath S. Comparison between intravenous metoclopramide and intrathecal fentanyl to prevent intraoperative and early postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology 2002;18(1):47-51. [CENTRAL: CN-01750529] [EMBASE: 40385205]
Gamermann 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gamermann PW, Martins AL, Rosa L, Ribeiro HD, Borba DL, Antoniazi V, et al. Acupuncture as a complement to the pharmacological management of pain, nausea and vomiting after cesarean section: a randomized clinical trial. Acupuncture and Related Therapies 2015;3:11-4.
Litchfield 2007 {published data only}
    1. Litchfield JS, Pronk CR, Nezat GG, Pellegrini J. Efficacy of prophylactic administration of intramuscular promethazine in a parturient population scheduled for cesarean section with intrathecal analgesia. AANA Journal 2007;75(5):369.
Malhotra 2019 {published data only}
    1. Malhotra G, Suresh YV, Anupama Suresh Y, Osmani SG, Prabhu K. Comparison prophylactic glycopyrrolate, dexamethasone, metoclopramide in control of nausea and vomiting after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2019;10(7):261-6. [CENTRAL: CN-01997800] [EMBASE: 2002831996]
Salman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Salman N, Sekerci S, Akarsu S, Olgun Keles B, Zagpusat E. Comparison of anti-emetic effects of ketamine and propofol sedation used for cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia [Spinal anestezi altinda yapilan sezaryenlerde ketamin ve propofol sedasyonunun bulanti ve kusmayi onleyici etkilerinin karsilastirilmasi]. Anestezi Dergisi 2016;24(4):257-62. [CENTRAL: CN-01297271] [EMBASE: 614030565]
Sane 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sane S, Mahoori A, Vash RA, Rezai H, Fazlifard S. Effects of granisetron on pruritus, nausea, and vomiting induced by intrathecal opioid in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2017;27(147):150-8. [CENTRAL: CN-01365134] [EMBASE: 615440912]
Sarat 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sarat Singh S, Upendra Singh K, Ratan Singh N, Rajkumar G, Maniram Singh Kh, Deban Singh L. Prevention of nausea and vomiting in caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia with glycopyrrolate, metoclopramide and ondansetron - a comparative study. JMS - Journal of Medical Society 2007;21(3):138-42.
Shah 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shah S, Zhao R, Cohen S, Patel P, Mellender S. Is bilateral nei-guan point (P6) stimulation more effective than unilateral P6 stimulation in reducing nausea and vomiting (N/V) during and after cesarean section (C/S) with combined spinal epidural (CSE) anesthesia? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2016;41(5):no pagination. [CENTRAL: CN-01333663] [EMBASE: 614572270]
Zakeri 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014102719145N2. Effect of intrathecal midazolam, pethidine and bupivacaine on analgesia, hemodynamic status and nausea and vomiting after elective cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014102719145N2 2014. [CENTRAL: CN-01864627]

References to ongoing studies

Abramovitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Abramovitz S, NCT00432991. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of intramuscular ephedrine on the incidence of perioperative nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean section. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00432991 (9 February 2007).
Amini 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190127042519N1. Effect of acupressure on prevention of nausea and vomiting [Comparison of the effect of acupressure and ondansetron on prevention of nausea and vomiting among patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20190127042519N1 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01975533]
An 2016 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-INR-16009539. The antiemetic efficacy and safety of subhypnotic dose of propofol for decreasing the incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=16238 (21 October 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01848685]
Barzanji 2019 {published data only}
    1. Barzanji. Vitamin B6 in elective cesarean section [Assessment of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) effects on the nausea and vomiting rates in patients candidate for elective cesarean section]. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20171216037910N1 2019.
Bi 2017 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-17010491. Effect of propofol for prevention of post-delivery nausea and vomiting during elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=17452 (20 January 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01817011]
    1. NCT03185156. The preventive effects of sub hypnotic dose of propofol for nausea and vomiting induced by hemabate. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03185156 (first received 2017 Jun 10). [CENTRAL: CN-01494926]
Cohen 2016b {published data only}
    1. NCT02959840. Acupuncture point P6 stimulation for reduction of nausea and vomiting during cesarean. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02959840 (first received 2016 Oct 10). [CENTRAL: CN-01559899]
Fanelli 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00921102. Atropine to prevent nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00921102 (first received 2009 Jun 15). [CENTRAL: CN-01524382]
Farokhi 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016091320258N10. Comparison of dexamethasone- ketamine and dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. http://en.irct.ir/trial/17949 (8 November 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01854890]
Gazi 2018 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20150808023559N18. Comparison of the effect of low-dose Ketamine and dexamethasone on the control of nausea and vomiting. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20150808023559N18 2018. [CENTRAL: CN-01904180]
Hao 2019 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900026709. A randomized controlled study for acupoint stimulation using subacupuncture to relieve postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecological and obstetrical surgery. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900026709 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-02065256]
Hess 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hess PE, NCT03370562. Dexmedetomidine after cesarean for the treatment of nausea and shivering. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03370562 (first received 2017 Nov 27). [CENTRAL: CN-01566616]
Hosseini 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20141222020401N7. The effect of chamomile aromatherapy with and without oxygen on severity of pain, bloating and nausea in women after cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20141222020401N7 2020. [CENTRAL: CN-02069056]
Jamilian 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201401014686N10. Comparison the effect of oral gabapentin and oral ondansetron and oral ginger to prevention nausea and vomiting after cesarean section by spinal anesthesia. http://en.irct.ir/trial/5023 (3 January 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01858416]
Khatiban 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017050333794N1. Cardamom aromatherapy on the women's nausea and vomiting in cesarean section operation. http://en.irct.ir/trial/25980 (5 May 2017). [CENTRAL: CN-01893493]
Khojasteh 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016072729103N1. The effect of metoclopramide, propofol and dexamethasone in controlling nausea and vomiting for cesarean section. http://en.irct.ir/trial/23477 (18 September 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01862986]
Kotfis 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT04069806. Preoperative oral carbohydrate for nausea and vomiting prevention during caesarian section. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct04069806 2019 Aug 27. [CENTRAL: CN-01983790]
Mendonca 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mendonca FT, NCT02468323. Prophylactic antiemetic efficacy of palonosetron versus ondansetron for cesarean sections under regional anesthesia: study single center, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02468323 (10 June 2015).
Mousavi 2019 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180526039845N1. Effect of auriculotherapy on nausea and vomiting in women following elective cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180526039845N1 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01971333]
Norouzi 2013 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201212162080N13. Comparison of oral and intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. http://en.irct.ir/trial/1687 (9 June 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01816126]
Norouzi 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2013031211581N3. The effect of Gabapentin on preventing the nausea and vomiting of patients after spinal anesthesia in the surgery of cesarean. http://en.irct.ir/trial/11792 (27 September 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01834488]
    1. Norouzi A, IRCT2013031211581N3. Gabapentin effect on preventing of nausea and vomiting in cesarean. http://en.irct.ir/trial/11792 (27 September 2014).
Okutani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Okutani R, UMIN000008443. Effect of oral fluid infusion before cesarean section on intraoperative metabolism, hemodynamic changes and postoperative nausea and vomiting. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R00000... (20 July 2012).
    1. UMIN000008443. Effect of oral fluid infusion before cesarean section on intraoperative metabolism, hemodynamic changes and postoperative nausea and vomiting. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R00000... (20 July 2012). [CENTRAL: CN-01820120]
Rassoli 2013 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2012120810765N1. Effect of low dose propofol and midazolam to prevent nausea and vomiting during caesarean section. http://en.irct.ir/trial/11173 (6 August 2013). [CENTRAL: CN-01857701]
    1. Rassoli S, IRCT2012120810765N1. Effect of low dose propofol and midazolam to prevent nausea and vomiting during caesarean section. http://en.irct.ir/trial/11173 (6 August 2013).
Shahinfar 2016 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2016042719359N3. The effect of ginger extract on the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting [The effect of ginger extract on the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia]. http://en.irct.ir/trial/17323 (13 May 2016). [CENTRAL: CN-01867863]
Soltani 2014 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014062918269N1. Effect of capsaicin ointment on nausea and vomiting. http://en.irct.ir/trial/16625 (1 January 2014). [CENTRAL: CN-01839979]
Thenuwara 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02872935. Minimizing nausea and vomiting during spinals for CS. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02872935 (first received 2016 Aug 5). [CENTRAL: CN-01520310]
Tindimwebwa 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT01028547. Antiemetic efficacy and safety of dexamethasone in obstetric surgical patients. Https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01028547 (first received 2009 Dec 7). [CENTRAL: CN-01527137]
Yulin 2019 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900021396. A randomized controlled trial for western medicine combined with traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean section. Http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900021396 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01972854]

Additional references

Allen 2008
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References to other published versions of this review

Griffiths 2009
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