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. 2021 May 18;11(1):10501.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89858-1.

Bouncing behavior of sub-four minute milers

Geoffrey T Burns  1   2 , Richard Gonzalez  3 , Jessica M Zendler  4 , Ronald F Zernicke  4   5   6
Affiliations

Bouncing behavior of sub-four minute milers

Geoffrey T Burns et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Elite middle distance runners present as a unique population in which to explore biomechanical phenomena in relation to running speed, as their training and racing spans a broad spectrum of paces. However, there have been no comprehensive investigations of running mechanics across speeds within this population. Here, we used the spring-mass model of running to explore global mechanical behavior across speeds in these runners. Ten elite-level 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 3:37.3 ± 3.6 s; mile: 3:54.6 ± 3.9 s) and ten highly trained 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 4:07.6 ± 3.7 s; mile: 4:27.4 ± 4.1 s) ran on a treadmill at 10 speeds where temporal measures were recorded. Spatiotemporal and spring-mass characteristics and their corresponding variation were calculated within and across speeds. All spatiotemporal measures changed with speed in both groups, but the changes were less substantial in the elites. The elite runners ran with greater approximated vertical forces (+ 0.16 BW) and steeper impact angles (+ 3.1°) across speeds. Moreover, the elites ran with greater leg and vertical stiffnesses (+ 2.1 kN/m and + 3.6 kN/m) across speeds. Neither group changed leg stiffness with increasing speeds, but both groups increased vertical stiffness (1.6 kN/m per km/h), and the elite runners more so (further + 0.4 kN/m per km/h). The elite runners also demonstrated lower variability in their spatiotemporal behavior across speeds. Together, these findings suggested that elite middle distance runners may have distinct global mechanical patterns across running speeds, where they behave as stiffer, less variable spring-mass systems compared to highly trained, but sub-elite counterparts.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The spring-mass model of running (frames adapted from E. Muybridge).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Spatiotemporal and spring-mass characteristics for elite and trained runners across speeds. Population (fixed, left) and individual (random, right) effects given for each measure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Select spring-mass characteristics across speeds for two representative subjects for the elite (left) and trained cohorts.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Coefficient of variations at each speed for the spatiotemporal and spring-mass characteristics of the elite and trained runners.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Leg stiffness estimates with the fixed effects model and two different random effects models.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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