Extemporaneous Compounding: Selective Pharmacists with Separate Skill

Abstract

Extemporaneous compounding takes place in community and hospital pharmacies. There are usually specialist compounding pharmacies in major towns and cities, but any pharmacy may undertake compounding as long as they have appropriate facilities according to state-based legislation (e.g. allocated clean bench, specific compounding equipment). Although development is a continuous process, companies are customizing features to meet the majority of patient needs, but the very nature of the process cannot meet all patient needs. The risk-benefit ratio of using traditionally compounded medicines is favorable for patients who require specialized medications that are not commercially available, as they would otherwise not have access to suitable treatment. However, if an FDA-approved drug is commercially available, the use of an unapproved compounded drug confers additional risk with no commensurate benefit. Published reports of independent testing by the FDA, state agencies, and others consistently show that compounded drugs fail to meet specifications at a considerably higher rate than FDA-approved drugs. Compounded sterile preparations pose the additional risk of microbial contamination to patients. In the last 11 years, three separate meningitis outbreaks have been traced to purportedly 'sterile' steroid injections contaminated with fungus or bacteria, which were made by compounding pharmacies. The 2012 outbreak has resulted in intense scrutiny of pharmacy compounding practices and increased recognition of the need to ensure that compounding is limited to appropriate circumstances.

Keywords: Compounding; Dosage Forms; Drugs; Equipment; Pharmacopeia; Pharmacy Practice.

Figure 1.

Graphical Abstract

Figure 2.

Rationale of Extemporaneous compounding (Source: Velpandian T., Das U.S. (2016) Extemporaneously Used Drug Formulations for Ocular Emergencies. In: Velpandian T. (eds) Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics. Adis, Cham