Characteristics of Hospitalized Children Positive for SARS-CoV-2: Experience of a Large Center

Abstract

Objectives: Define the spectrum of disease in pediatric inpatients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result in a manner relevant to pediatric hospital medicine.

Methods: Retrospective case series of all patients aged <22 years hospitalized at our institution with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction test result between May 1, 2020, and September 30, 2020. Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected and analyzed.

Results: Three distinct presentations were associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Patients had incidental infection (40%), were potentially symptomatic (47%), or were significantly symptomatic (14%). The average length of stay differed between the significantly symptomatic group and the incidental and potentially symptomatic groups (P =.002). Average age differed among these groups, with significantly symptomatic patients older by >2 years. Fifty-five percent of incidental and 47% of potentially symptomatic patients had at least 1 identified comorbidity, whereas 90% of significantly symptomatic patients had at least 1 (P = .01). There was a significant relationship between obesity (P = .001) and asthma (P = .004) and severe disease. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between groups with respect to fever, hypoxia, supplemental oxygen use, duration of supplemental oxygen, and ICU admission, with a significantly higher percentage of patients in the significantly symptomatic group meeting each of these criteria (P < .001 for all categories).

Conclusions: Pediatric patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 fall into distinct categories, which are critical to understanding the true pathology of SARS-Cov-2 as it relates to hospitalized pediatric patients. Most hospitalized patients who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or have a reason for hospitalization other than coronavirus disease 2019.