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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 May 20;5(5):CD013600.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub4.

Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review

Vanessa Piechotta  1 , Claire Iannizzi  1 , Khai Li Chai  2 , Sarah J Valk  3   4 , Catherine Kimber  5 , Elena Dorando  1 , Ina Monsef  1 , Erica M Wood  2 , Abigail A Lamikanra  6 , David J Roberts  5 , Zoe McQuilten  2 , Cynthia So-Osman  7   8 , Lise J Estcourt  9 , Nicole Skoetz  10
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review

Vanessa Piechotta et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are being investigated as potential therapies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding benefits and risks of these interventions is required. OBJECTIVES: Using a living systematic review approach, to assess whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in the treatment of people with COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence.

Search methods: To identify completed and ongoing studies, we searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform, and trial registries. Searches were done on 17 March 2021.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. For safety assessments, we also included non-controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) if 500 or more participants were included. We excluded studies that included populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)), as well as studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin.

Data collection and analysis: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of Bias 2' tool for RCTs, and for NRSIs, the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer. We rated the certainty of evidence, using the GRADE approach, for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, improvement and worsening of clinical status (for individuals with moderate to severe disease), development of severe clinical COVID-19 symptoms (for individuals with asymptomatic or mild disease), quality of life (including fatigue and functional independence), grade 3 or 4 adverse events, and serious adverse events.

Main results: We included 13 studies (12 RCTs, 1 NRSI) with 48,509 participants, of whom 41,880 received convalescent plasma. We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. We identified a further 100 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, and 33 studies reporting as being completed or terminated. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and moderate to severe disease Eleven RCTs and one NRSI investigated the use of convalescent plasma for 48,349 participants with moderate to severe disease. Nine RCTs compared convalescent plasma to placebo treatment or standard care alone, and two compared convalescent plasma to standard plasma (results not included in abstract). Effectiveness of convalescent plasma We included data on nine RCTs (12,875 participants) to assess the effectiveness of convalescent plasma compared to placebo or standard care alone. Convalescent plasma does not reduce all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.05; 7 RCTs, 12,646 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on clinical improvement for all participants when assessed by liberation from respiratory support (RR not estimable; 8 RCTs, 12,682 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on the chance of being weaned or liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation for the subgroup of participants requiring invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.93; 2 RCTs, 630 participants; low-certainty evidence). It does not reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.08; 4 RCTs, 11,765 participants; high-certainty evidence). We did not identify any subgroup differences. We did not identify any studies reporting quality of life, and therefore, do not know whether convalescent plasma has any impact on quality of life. One RCT assessed resolution of fatigue on day 7, but we are very uncertain about the effect (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.42; 309 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Safety of convalescent plasma We included results from eight RCTs, and one NRSI, to assess the safety of convalescent plasma. Some of the RCTs reported on safety data only for the convalescent plasma group. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma increases or reduces the risk of grade 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.41; 4 RCTs, 905 participants; low-certainty evidence), and serious adverse events (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.90; 2 RCTs, 414 participants; low-certainty evidence). A summary of reported events of the NRSI (reporting safety data for 20,000 of 35,322 transfused participants), and four RCTs reporting safety data only for transfused participants (6125 participants) are included in the full text. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and asymptomatic or mild disease We identified one RCT reporting on 160 participants, comparing convalescent plasma to placebo treatment (saline). Effectiveness of convalescent plasma We are very uncertain about the effect of convalescent plasma on all-cause mortality (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.65; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain about the effect of convalescent plasma on developing severe clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR not estimable; low-certainty evidence). We identified no study reporting quality of life. Safety of convalescent plasma We do not know whether convalescent plasma is associated with a higher risk of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (very low-certainty evidence), or serious adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). This is a living systematic review. We search weekly for new evidence and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.

Authors' conclusions: We have high certainty in the evidence that convalescent plasma for the treatment of individuals with moderate to severe disease does not reduce mortality and has little to no impact on measures of clinical improvement. We are uncertain about the adverse effects of convalescent plasma. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, heterogeneous reporting of outcomes is still problematic. There are 100 ongoing studies and 33 studies reporting in a study registry as being completed or terminated. Publication of ongoing studies might resolve some of the uncertainties around hyperimmune immunoglobulin therapy for people with any disease severity, and convalescent plasma therapy for people with asymptomatic or mild disease.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04356534 NCT04345523 NCT04346446 NCT04342182 NCT04530370 NCT04381936 NCT04338360 NCT04479163 NCT04359810 NCT04383535 NCT04392414 NCT04375098 NCT04434131 NCT04343261 NCT04340050 NCT04357106 NCT04321421 NCT04441424 NCT04381858 NCT04344535 NCT04494984.

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Conflict of interest statement

VP: none known

CI: none known

KLC: HSANZ Leukaemia Foundation PhD scholarship to support studies at Monash University. This is not related to the work in this review.

SJV: is receiving a PhD scholarship from the not‐for‐profit Sanquin blood bank.

CK: none known

ED: none known

IM: none known

EMW: I have received funding support from Australian Medical Research Future Fund for a trial of convalescent plasma. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

AL: none known

DJR: investigator on the REMAP‐CAP and RECOVERY trial. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

ZM: I have received funding support from Australian Medical Research Future Fund for a trial of convalescent plasma. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

CS‐O: is a member of the BEST Collaborative Clinical Study Group and Associate Editor for Transfusion Medicine Journal. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

LJE: co‐lead of the COVID‐19 immunoglobulin domain of the REMAP‐CAP trial and investigator on the RECOVERY trial. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

NS: none known

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Mortality (time to event)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality at hospital discharge
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: Clinical improvement: liberation from supplemental oxygen in surviving patients, for subgroup of participants requiring any supplemental oxygen or ventilator support at baseline
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 5: Clinical improvement: weaning or liberation from invasive mechanical ventilation in surviving patients, for subgroups of participants requiring invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 6: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation, for subgroup of participants not requiring invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 7: Time to discharge from hospital
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 8: Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 9: Viral clearance at up to day 3
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 10: Viral clearance at up to day 7
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 11: Viral clearance at up to day 15
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 12: Need for dialysis
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 13: Any grade adverse events
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 14: Grade 3 and 4 adverse events
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 15: Serious adverse events
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Duration of hospitalisation
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: Any grade adverse events
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 5: Serious adverse events
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with mild disease, Outcome 2: Development of severe symptoms: need for invasive mechanical ventilation
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with mild disease, Outcome 3: Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Subgroup analysis: duration since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Subgroup analysis: antibodies in recipients detected at baseline for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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References to studies excluded from this review

Abdullah 2020 {published data only}
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Balcells 2020 {published data only}
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ChiCTR2000029850 {published data only}
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ChiCTR2000030039 {published data only}
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ChiCTR2000030312 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030312. Cancelled, due to modify the protocol A single-center, open-label and single arm trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment& [A single-center, open-label and single arm trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patient]. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50258 (first received 23 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000030381 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030381. Cancelled by investigator. A randomized, open-label, controlled and single-center trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patient [A randomized, open-label, controlled and single-center trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patient]. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50290 (first received 23 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000030442 {published data only}
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ChiCTR2000031501 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000031501. The efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with critical novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a pragmatic, prospective cohort study. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50254 (first received 2 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000033798 {published data only}
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Clark 2020 {published data only}
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CTRI/2020/04/024804 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/04/024804. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=42849 (first received 22 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/08/027285 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/08/027285. Safety of convalescent plasma (CVP) drawn from mild symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Available from www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45050 (first received 21 August 2020).
CTRI/2020/10/028547 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/10/028547. IND02 for prevention against SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomized controlled study in moderate to high risk population. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=48708&EncHid=&userN....
Çınar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Çınar OE, Sayınalp B, Karakulak EA, Karataş AA, Velet M, İnkaya AÇ, et al. Convalescent (immune) plasma treatment in a myelodysplastic COVID-19 patient with disseminated tuberculosis. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020;59(5):102821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102821] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
de Assis 2020 {published data only}
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Díez 2020 {published data only}
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Donato 2020 {published data only}
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Duan 2020 {published data only}
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Dulipsingh 2020 {published data only}
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Enzmann 2020 {published data only}
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Erkurt 2020 {published data only}
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Fan 2020 {published data only}
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Figlerowicz 2020 {published data only}
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Franchini 2020 {published data only}
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Grisolia 2020 {published data only}
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Hashim 2020 {published data only}
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Hu 2020 {published data only}
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Ibrahim 2020 {published data only}
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Im 2020 {published data only}
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IRCT20151228025732N53 {published data only}
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IRCT20200406046968N2 {published data only}
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IRCT20200414047072N1 {published data only}
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IRCT20200416047099N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200416047099N1. Plasma therapy in patient with COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47266 (first received 21 April 2020).
ISRCTN86534580 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN86534580. A trial evaluating treatments for suspected coronavirus infection in people aged 50 years and above with pre-existing conditions and those aged 65 years and above. Available from www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN86534580 (first received 20 March 2020).
Jamous 2020 {published data only}
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Jiang 2020a {published data only}
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Jiang 2020b {published data only}
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Jin 2020 {published data only}
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Karatas 2020 {published data only}
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Kong 2020 {published data only}
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Lin 2020 {published data only}
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Liu 2020 {published data only}
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Liu 2020a {published data only}
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Madariaga 2020 {published data only}
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Martinez‐Resendez 2020 {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Resendez MF, Castilleja-Leal F, Torres-Quintanilla A, Rojas-Martinez A, Garcia-Rivas G, Ortiz-Lopez R, et al. Initial experience in Mexico with convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure, a retrospective case series (preprint). medRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.14.20144469] - DOI
McCuddy 2020 {published data only}
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Ministerio de Salud 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ministerio de salud - Instituto Nacional de Salud. (no translation) [Lineamientos técnicos para uso de plasma convaleciente en pacientes con COVID-19]. Available from fi-admin.bvsalud.org/document/view/nruba 2020;1:20.
Mira 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mira E, Yarce OA, Ortega C, Fernández S, Pascual N, Gómez C, et al. Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2 infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2020;8(8):2793-5. - PMC - PubMed
NCT04261426 {published data only}
    1. NCT04261426. The efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04261426 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04264858 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030841. Treatment of acute severe COVID-19 with immunoglobulin from cured COVID-19 patients. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=51072 (first received 15 March 2020).
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NCT04292340 {published data only}
    1. NCT04292340. The efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia patient (COVID-19): an observational study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04292340 (first received 3 March 2020).
NCT04321421 {published data only}
    1. NCT04321421. Hyperimmune plasma for critical patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04321421 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04323800 {published data only}
    1. NCT04323800. Convalescent plasma to stem coronavirus: a randomized, blinded phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety human coronavirus immune plasma (HCIP) vs. control (SARS-CoV-2 non-immune plasma) among adults exposed to COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04323800 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04325672 {published data only}
    1. NCT04325672. Convalescent plasma to limit coronavirus associated complications: an open label, phase 2A study of high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04325672 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04327349 {published data only}
    1. NCT04327349. Investigating effect of convalescent plasma on COVID-19 patients outcome: a clinical trial. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04327349 (first received 31 March 2020).
NCT04332380 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332380. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04332380 (first received 2 April 2020).
NCT04333355 {published data only}
    1. NCT04333355. Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety of convalescent plasma as an adjuvant therapy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04333355 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04344015 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344015. COVID-19 plasma collection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04344015 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04344379 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344379. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital workers exposed to the virus. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04344379 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04344977 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344977. COVID-19 plasma collection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04344977 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345679 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345679. Anti COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345679 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04346589 {published data only}
    1. NCT04346589. Convalescent antibodies infusion in critically ill COVID 19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04346589 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04347681 {published data only}
    1. Albalawi M, Zaidi SZA, AlShehry N, AlAskar A, Zaidi ARZ, Abdallah RNM, et al. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat severe COVID-19: protocol for the Saudi collaborative multi-center phase II study. JMIR Research Protocol 2020;9(10):e23543. - PMC - PubMed
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NCT04348877 {published data only}
    1. NCT04348877. Plasma rich antibodies from recovered patients from COVID19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04348877 (first received 16 April 2020).
NCT04350580 {published data only}
    1. NCT04350580. Polyvalent immunoglobulin in COVID-19 related ARDS. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04350580 (first received 17 April 2020).
NCT04353206 {published data only}
    1. NCT04353206. Convalescent plasma in ICU patients with COVID-19-induced respiratory failure. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04353206 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04354831 {published data only}
    1. NCT04354831. A study evaluating the efficacy and safety of high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354831 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04355897 {published data only}
    1. NCT04355897. COVID-19 plasma in treatment of COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04355897 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04356482 {published data only}
    1. NCT04356482. Convalescent plasma for ill patients by COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04356482 (first received 22 April 2020).
NCT04360278 {published data only}
    1. NCT04360278. Plasma collection from convalescent and/or immunized donors for the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04360278 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04365439 {published data only}
    1. NCT04365439. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04365439 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04368013 {published data only}
    1. NCT04368013. Host-pathogen interactions, immune response, and clinical prognosis at COVID-19 - the CoVUm trial. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04368013 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04374565 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374565. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374565 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04376034 {published data only}
    1. NCT04376034. Convalescent plasma collection and treatment in pediatrics and adults. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04376034 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04377672 {published data only}
    1. NCT04377672. Human convalescent plasma for high-risk children exposed or infected with SARS-CoV-2. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04377672 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04383548 {published data only}
    1. NCT04383548. Clinical study for efficacy of anti-corona VS2 immunoglobulins prepared from COVID19 convalescent plasma prepared by VIPS mini-pool IVIG medical devices in prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high risk groups as well as treatment of early cases of COVID. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04383548 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04384497 {published data only}
    1. NCT04384497. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19: an exploratory dose identifying study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04384497 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04384588 {published data only}
    1. NCT04384588. COVID19-convalescent plasma for treating patients with active symptomatic COVID 19 infection (FALP-COVID). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04384588 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04388527 {published data only}
    1. NCT04388527. COVID-19 convalescent plasma for mechanically ventilated population. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04388527 (first received 14 May 2020).
NCT04389710 {published data only}
    1. NCT04389710. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04389710 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04389944 {published data only}
    1. NCT04389944. Amotosalen-ultraviolet a pathogen-inactivated convalescent plasma in addition to best supportive care and antiviral therapy on clinical deterioration in adults presenting with moderate to severe COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04389944 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04390178 {published data only}
    1. NCT04390178. Convalescent plasma as treatment for acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04390178 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04392232 {published data only}
    1. NCT04392232. A phase 2 study of COVID 19 convalescent plasma in high risk patients with COVID 19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04392232 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04393727 {published data only}
    1. NCT04393727. Transfusion of convalescent plasma for the early treatment of pneumonIa due to SARSCoV2. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04393727 (first received 19 May 2020).
NCT04397523 {published data only}
    1. NCT04397523. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04397523 (first received 21 May 2020).
NCT04407208 {published data only}
    1. NCT04407208. Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04407208 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04408209 {published data only}
    1. NCT04408209. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04408209 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04411602 {published data only}
    1. NCT04411602. Feasibility study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma transfusions in COVID-19 patients with SRD. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04411602 (first received 2 June 2020).
NCT04412486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04412486. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04412486 (first received 2 June 2020).
NCT04418531 {published data only}
    1. NCT04418531. Convalescent antibodies infusion in COVID 19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04418531 (first received 5 June 2020).
NCT04432103 {published data only}
    1. NCT04432103. Treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04432103 (first received 16 June 2020).
NCT04438694 {published data only}
    1. NCT04438694. Use of convalescent plasma for treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04438694 (first received 19 June 2020).
NCT04458363 {published data only}
    1. NCT04458363. Convalescent plasma in pediatric COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04458363 (first received 07 July 2020).
NCT04462848 {published data only}
    1. NCT04462848. COVID-19 convalescent plasma as prevention and treatment for children with underlying medical conditions. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04462848 (first received 8 July 2020).
NCT04467151 {published data only}
    1. NCT04467151. Administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in hospitalized, non-ICU patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04467151 (first received 10 July 2020).
NCT04471051 {published data only}
    1. NCT04471051. An observational cohort trial of outcomes and antibody responses following treatment with COVID19 convalescent plasma in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04471051 (first received 14 July 2020).
NCT04474340 {published data only}
    1. NCT04474340. COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: multicenter interventional study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04474340 (first received 16 July 2020).
NCT04476888 {published data only}
    1. NCT04476888. Convalescent plasma treatment in COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04476888 (first received 20 July 2020).
NCT04502472 {published data only}
    1. NCT04502472. Open-label treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04502472 (first received 06 August 2020).
NCT04513158 {published data only}
    1. NCT04513158. Convalescent plasma in the early treatment of high-risk patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04513158 (first received 14 August 2020).
NCT04516954 {published data only}
    1. NCT04516954. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04516954 (first received 18 August 2020).
NCT04535063 {published data only}
    1. NCT04535063. Convalescent plasma as potential therapy for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04535063 (first received 01 September 2020).
NCT04554992 {published data only}
    1. NCT04554992. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04554992 (first received 18 September 2020).
NCT04555109 {published data only}
    1. NCT04555109. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 research donor study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04555109 (first received 18 September 2020).
NCT04565197 {published data only}
    1. NCT04565197. Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04565197 (first received 25 September 20209.
NCT04569188 {published data only}
    1. NCT04569188. Convalescent plasma in COVID-19 elderly patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04569188 (first received 29 September 2020).
NCT04570982 {published data only}
    1. NCT04570982. Clinical protocol for convalescent plasma and remdesivir therapy in Nepal. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04570982 (first received 30 September 2020).
NCT04614012 {published data only}
    1. NCT04614012. Hyperimmune plasma for patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04614012 (first received 03 November 2020).
NCT04616976 {published data only}
    1. NCT04616976. COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04616976 (first received 05 November 2020).
NCT04622826 {published data only}
    1. NCT04622826. plasmApuane CoV-2: efficacy and safety of immune Covid-19 plasma in Covid-19 pneumonia in non ITU patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04622826 (first received 10 November 2020).
NCT04638634 {published data only}
    1. NCT04638634. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of CSL760, an anti- COVID-19 hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin, in healthy adult subjects. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04638634 (first received 20 November 2020).
NCT04644198 {published data only}
    1. NCT04644198. Convalescent plasma transfusion in severe COVID-19 patients in Jamaica. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04644198 (first received 25 November 2020).
NCT04661839 {published data only}
    1. NCT04661839. Phase 1 study to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics of COVID-HIGIV administered as a single dose or a repeat dose in healthy adults. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04661839 (first received 10 December 2020).
NCT04721236 {published data only}
    1. NCT04721236. Early use of hyperimmune plasma in COVID-19 (COV-II-PLA). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04721236 (first received 22 January 2021).
Niu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Niu A, McDougal A, Ning B, Safa F, Luk A, Mushatt DM, et al. COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant: high false-negative probability and role of CRISPR and convalescent plasma. Bone Marrow Transplantation 2020;15:15. - PMC - PubMed
Olivares‐Gazca 2020 {published data only}
    1. Olivares-Gazca JC, Priesca-Marin JM, Ojeda-Laguna M, Garces-Eisele J, Soto-Olvera S, Palacios-Alonso A, et al. Infusion of convalescent plasma is associated with clinical improvement in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Revista de Investigation Clinica 2020;72(3):159-64. - PubMed
Pei 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pei S, Yuan X, Zhimin ZZ, Run YR, Xie Y, Minxue SM, et al. Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: Chinese strategy and experiences (preprint). medRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.20056440] - DOI
Peng 2020 {published data only}
    1. Peng H, Gong T, Huang X, Sun X, Luo H, Wang W, et al. A synergistic role of convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients: a clinical case report. Stem Cell Research and Therapy 2020;11(1):291. - PMC - PubMed
PER‐031‐20 {published data only}
    1. PER-031-20. Phase 2 Study of efficacy and safety of plasma from convalescent patients with COVID-19 in patients with moderate disease (AUNA 20-01). https://www.ins.gob.pe/ensayosclinicos/rpec/recuperarECPBNuevoEN.asp?num... (first received 06 July 2020).
Perotti 2020 {published data only}
    1. Perotti C, Baldanti F, Bruno R, Delfante C, Seminari E, Casari S, et al. Mortality reduction in 46 severe COVID-19 patients treated with hyperimmune plasma. A proof of concept single arm multicenter interventional trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113373] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perotti C, Baldanti F, Bruno R, Del Fante C, Seminari E, Casari S, et al. Mortality reduction in 46 severe COVID-19 patients treated with hyperimmune plasma. A proof of concept single arm multicenter trial. Haematologica 2020 July 23 [Epub ahead of print];105:2834-2840. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perotti C, Del Fante C, Baldanti F, Franchini M, Percivalle E, Vecchio Nepita E, et al. Plasma from donors recovered from the new coronavirus 2019 as therapy for critical patients with COVID-19 (COVID-19 plasma study): a multicentre study protocol. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2020;15(5):819-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02384-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Qiu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Qiu T, Wang J, Zhou J, Zou J, Chen Z, Ma X, et al. The report of two cases infection with novel coronavirus (2019-NCcoV) after kidney transplantation and the association literature analyzation. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation 2020;41(0):E004.
Rasheed 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rasheed AM, Fatak DF, Hashim HA, Maulood MF, Kabah KK, Almusawi YA, et al. The therapeutic effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy on treating COVID-19 patients residing in respiratory care units in hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq (preprint). medRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.24.20121905] - DOI - PubMed
RBR‐4vm3yy {published data only}
    1. RBR-4vm3yy. Effect of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19. www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4vm3yy/ (first received 11 May 2020).
Robbiani 2020 {published data only}
    1. Robbiani DF, Gaebler C, Muecksch F, Cetrulo LJ, Wang Z, Cho A, et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals (preprint). bioRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.092619] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RPCEC00000323 {published data only}
    1. RPCEC00000323. Plasma treatment to asymptomatic patient with COVID-19 infection. rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000323-En (first received 03 July 2020).
Salazar 2020a {published data only}
    1. Salazar E, Christensen PA, Graviss EA, Nguyen DT, Castillo B, Chen J, et al. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma reveals a signal of significantly decreased mortality. American Journal of Pathology 2020;11:11. - PMC - PubMed
Salazar 2020b {published data only}
    1. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma in Houston, Texas. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.08.20095471] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma. American Journal of Pathology 2020 May 27 [Epub ahead of print];190:1680-1690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.05.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA 2020;323(16):1582-9. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.4783] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shi H, Zhou C, He P, Huang S, Duan Y, Wang X, et al. Successful treatment of plasma exchange followed by intravenous immunoglobulin in a critically ill patient with 2019 novel coronavirus infection. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020;56(2):105974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105974] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Soleimani 2020 {published data only}
    1. Soleimani Z, Soleimani A. ADRS due to COVID-19 in midterm pregnancy: successful management with plasma transfusion and corticosteroids. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2020 Jul 26 [Epub ahead of print];26:1-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1797669] - DOI - PubMed
Taher 2020 {published data only}
    1. Taher A, Alalwan AA, Naser N, Alsegai O, Alaradi A. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 pneumonia: a single-center experience in Bahrain. Cureus 2020;12(8):e9693. - PMC - PubMed
Tan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tan L, Kang X, Zhang B, Zheng S, Liu B, Yu T, et al. A special case of COVID-19 with long duration of viral shedding for 49 days (preprint). medRxiv 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040071] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tu Y, Wu X, Liu F, Wang J, Luo Y, Cai Z, et al. Two clinical cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in renal transplant recipients. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation 2020;41(0):E005.
Wang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Zhu K. Convalescent plasma coupled with medications for the treatment of a severe COVID-19 patient: drugs analysis and pharmaceutical care based on the newly established guidelines for COVID-19 remedy. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020;11:966. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00966] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wright 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wright Z, Bersabe A, Eden R, Cap A. Successful use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in a patient recently treated for follicular lymphoma. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia 2020 Jun 25 [Epub ahead of print];21(1):66-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.06.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xia 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality on severe/critical COVID-19 patients utilizing convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood 2020;23:23. - PMC - PubMed
Xie 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xie Y, Cao S, Li Q, Chen E, Dong H, Zhang W, et al. Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2020;81(2):318-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.044] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2020b {published data only}
    1. Xu T M, Lin B, Chen C, Liu LG, Xue Y. Non-optimal effectiveness of convalescent plasma transfusion and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19: a case report. Virology Journal 2020;17(1):80. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yang X, Sui Y, Liu F, Kang Z, Wu S, Zhao J, et al. Clinical characteristics and convalescent plasma therapy in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients (preprint). Social Science Research Network 2020 May 5. [DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3576894] - DOI
Ye 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ye M, Fu D, Ren Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang F, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology 2020 April 15 [Epub ahead of print];92:1890-1901. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25882] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zeng 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zeng QL, Yu ZJ, Gou JJ, Li GM, Ma SH, Zhang GF, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on viral shedding and survival in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222(1):38-43. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa228] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020a {published data only}
    1. Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Chest 2020;158(1):e9-e13. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020b {published data only}
    1. Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chest 2020 Mar 31 [Epub ahead of print];158:e9-e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.039] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020c {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, Pang R, Xue X, Bao J, Ye S, Dai Y, et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19. Aging 2020 Apr 22 [Epub ahead of print];12:6536–6542. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.103102] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Beltran 2021 {published data only}
    1. Beltran Gonzalez JL, Gonzalez Gamez M, Mendoza Enciso EA, Esparza Maldonado RJ, Hernandez Palacios D, Duenas Campos S, et al. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A controlled clinical trial (preprint). Medrxiv 2021:2021.03.28.21254507. [DOI: ]
    1. NCT04381858. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04381858 (first received 11 May 2020).
Bennett‐Guerrero 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bennett-Guerrero E, Romeiser JL, Talbot LR, Ahmed T, Mamone LJ, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 convalescent plasma versus standard plasma in coronavirus disease 2019 infected hospitalized patients in New York. Critical Care Medicine 2021 April 16 (Epub ahead of print). [DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005066] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04344535. Convalescent plasma vs. standard plasma for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04344535 (first received 14 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/05/025299 {published data only}
    1. Convalescent plasma to limit Coronavirus associated complications: an open label clinical study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43752 (first received 21 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/05/025328 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/05/025328. Study to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma on outcome of COVID-19 associated complications. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43703 (first received 23 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/09/027903 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/09/027903. Testing the efficacy and safety of a blood product COVID-19 hyper-immuneglobulin (human) solution in participants with active COVID-19. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=47147 (first received 18 September 2020).
IRCT20120215009014N353 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120215009014N353. Effect of plasma of patients recovered from COVID-19 versus control group on treatment of COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. Available from www.irct.ir/trial/47501 (first received 27 April 2020).
IRCT20150808023559N21 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20150808023559N21. The effect of convalescent plasma therapy on patients with 19-COVID. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47594 (first received 9 May 2020).
IRCT20200404046948N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200404046948N1. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/46973 (first received 15 April 2020).
IRCT20200409047007N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200409047007N1. Effect of COVID 19 survivors plasma in COVID 19 patients with ARDS. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47058 (first received 12 April 2020).
IRCT20200413047056N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200413047056N1. Comparison between the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma in COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47212 (first received 17 April 2020).
IRCT20200503047281N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200503047281N1. Evaluation of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47632 (first received 25 July 2020).
IRCT20200525047562N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200525047562N1. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/48493 (first received 14 June 2020).
IRCT20201004048922N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20201004048922N1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of intravenous infusion of human COVID-19 hyperimmune plasma with specific antibody titer in hospitalized patients with Covid-19: a randomized clinical trial. Available from www.irct.ir/trial/51443 (first received 19 July 2020).
ISRCTN85216856 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN85216856. Using blood plasma to develop passive immunity to coronavirus in Ecuador. Available from www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN85216856 (first received 06 May 2020).
jRCT2031200174 {published data only}
    1. jRCT2031200174. An international multicenter, adaptive, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety, tolerability and efficacy of anti-coronavirus hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of adult hospitalized patients at onset of clinical progression of COVID-19. Available from who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-jRCT2031200174 (first received 26 October 2020).
Lopardo 2021 {published data only}
    1. Lopardo G, Belloso W H, Nannini E, Colonna M, Sanguineti S, Zylberman V, et al. RBD-specific polyclonal F(ab´)2 fragments of equine antibodies in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive phase 2/3 clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine 2021:100843. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04494984. Study to investigate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of INM005 in patients with SARS-CoV2 disease. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04494984 (first received 31 July 2020).
NCT04315948 {published data only}
    1. NCT04315948. Trial of treatments for COVID-19 in hospitalized adults (DisCoVeRy). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315948 (first received March 20, 2020).
NCT04332835 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332835. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open label, parallel, controlled clinical study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04332835 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04355767 {published data only}
    1. NCT04355767. Convalescent plasma vs. placebo in emergency room patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04355767 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04358211 {published data only}
    1. NCT04358211. Expanded access to convalescent plasma to treat and prevent pulmonary complications associated with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04358211 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04372368 {published data only}
    1. NCT04372368. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04372368 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04392414 {published data only}
    1. NCT04392414. Hyperimmune convalescent plasma in moderate and severe COVID-19 disease. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04392414 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04405310 {published data only}
    1. NCT04405310. Convalescent plasma of COVID-19 to treat SARS-COV-2 a randomized double blind 2 center trial (CPC-SARS). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04405310 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04433910 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001310-38. A randomized, prospective, open label clinical trial on the use of convalescent plasma compared to best supportive care in patients with severe COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:2020-00... (first received 23 April 2020).
    1. Koerper S, Jahrsdoerfer B, Appl T. Convalescent plasma for treatment of severe COVID-19: rationale and designing of a randomized, open-label clinical trial of convalescent plasma compared to best supportive care (CAPSID Trial). Transfusionsmedizin 2020;10(3):143-9.
    1. NCT04433910. A clinical trial of convalescent plasma compared to best supportive care for treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04433910 (first received 16 June 2020).
NCT04442958 {published data only}
    1. NCT04442958. Effectiveness of convalescent immune plasma therapy. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04442958 (first received 23 June 2020).
NCT04492501 {published data only}
    1. Investigational treatments for COVID-19 in tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04492501 (first received 30 July 2020).
NCT04501978 {published data only}
    1. NCT04501978. ACTIV-3: Therapeutics for Inpatients With COVID-19 (TICO). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04501978 (first received August 6, 2020).
NCT04521309 {published data only}
    1. Ali S, Luxmi S, Anjum F, Muhaymin SM, Uddin SM, Ali A, et al. Hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 IVIG (C-IVIG) therapy for passive immunization of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(905):(no pagination). - PMC - PubMed
    1. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies based IVIG therapy for COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04521309 (first received 20 August 2020).
NCT04542941 {published data only}
    1. NCT04542941. Assessment of safety and efficacy of CCP. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04542941 (first received 09 September 2020).
NCT04547127 {published data only}
    1. Ferrer Roca R, Llamas P, Manez R, Galban C, Quintana M, Sanchez-Garcia M, et al. Design of a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. Conference: 33rd European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Annual Congress, ESICM 2020;8, SUPPL 2.
    1. NCT04547127. A study to evaluate safety and efficacy of convalescent methylene blue treated (MBT) plasma from donors recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04547127 (first received 14 September 2020).
NCT04547660 {published data only}
    1. NCT04547660. Convalescent plasma for severe COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04547660 (first received 14 September 2020).
NCT04610502 {published data only}
    1. NCT04610502. Efficacy and safety of two hyperimmune equine anti Sars-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04610502 (first received 30 October 2020).
Pouladzadeh 2021 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200310046736N1. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of convalescent plasma and plasma-derived immunoglobulin-enriched solution on COVID-19 patients. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/46424 (first received 1 April 2020).
    1. Pouladzadeh M, Safdarian M, Eshghi P, Abolghasemi H, Bavani AG, Sheibani B, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating the immunomodulatory effect of convalescent plasma on COVID-19-related cytokine storm. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2021 April 10 [Epub ahead of print]:1–11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02734-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR2000030010 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030010. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia patients (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49777 (first received 19 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030179 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030179. Experimental study of novel coronavirus pneumonia rehabilitation plasma therapy severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50059 (first received 24 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030627 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030627. Study on the application of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50727 (first received 8 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000030702 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030702. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of common COVID-19: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50537 (first received 10 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000030929 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030929. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50696 (first received 17 March 2020).
CTRI/2020/04/024915 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/04/024915. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 associated complications. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43332 (first received 29 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/05/025346 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/05/025346. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19 patients. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43005 (first received 5 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/06/025803 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/06/025803. Effect of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=44478 (first received 11 June 2020).
CTRI/2020/06/026123 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/06/026123. Plasma therapy in corona patients(Severe COVID-19). Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=44667 (first received 24 June 2020).
EUCTR2020‐001632‐10 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001632-10. A randomized open label phase-II clinical trial with or without infusion of plasma from subjects after convalescence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk patients with confirmed severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001632-10/DE (first received 20 April 2020). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Janssen M, Schakel U, Djuka Fokou U, Krisam J, Stermann J, Kriegsmann K, et al. A randomized open label phase-II clinical trial with or without infusion of plasma from subjects after convalescence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk patients with confirmed severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (RECOVER): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):828. - PMC - PubMed
EUCTR2020‐001936‐86 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001936-86. A prospective, randomized, open label Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate superiority of anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma versus standard-of-care in hospitalized patients with mild COVID-19. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001936-86/DE (first received 20 August 2020).
EUCTR2020‐002122‐82 {published data only}
    1. 2020-002122-82. Prospective open-label randomized controlled phase 2b clinical study in parallel groups for the assessment of efficacy and safety of immune therapy with COVID-19 convalescent plasma plus standard treatment alone of subjects with severe COVID-19. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-002122-82/DE (first received 07 May 2020).
EUCTR2020‐005410‐18 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-005410-18. Multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-commercial clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin in the treatment of COVID-19. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-005410-18/PL.
IRCT20200501047258N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200501047258N1, U07. Effects of convalescent plasma in COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47629 (first received 04 May 2020).
IRCT20200508047346N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200508047346N1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of rabbit antibody against coronavirus in patients. Available from www.irct.ir/trial/47953 (first received 13 May 2020).
NCT02735707 {published data only}
    1. NCT02735707. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). NCT02735707 (first received 13 April 2016).
NCT04333251 {published data only}
    1. NCT04333251. Evaluating convalescent plasma to decrease coronavirus associated complications. A phase I study comparing the efficacy and safety of high-titer anti-Sars-CoV-2 plasma vs best supportive care in hospitalized patients with interstitial pneumonia due to COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04333251 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04338360 {published data only}
    1. NCT04338360. Expanded access to convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04338360 (first received 8 April 2020).
NCT04345289 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001367-88-DK. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Available from apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-001367-88-DK (first received 14 April 2020).
    1. NCT04345289. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia (CCAP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345289 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345991 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345991. Efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 patients, a nested trial in the CORIMUNO-19 cohort. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345991 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04348656 {published data only}
    1. Begin P, Callum J, Heddle N, Cook R, Zeller MP, Timmouth A, et al. Convalescent plasma for adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1): study protocol for an international, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial (preprint). Available from www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-268937/v1 04 March 2021. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-268937/v1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04348656. Convalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04348656 (first received 16 April 2020).
NCT04352751 {published data only}
    1. NCT04352751. Experimental use of convalescent plasma for passive immunization in current COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan in 2020. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04352751 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04358783 {published data only}
    1. NCT04358783. Convalescent plasma compared to the best available therapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04358783 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04360486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04360486. Treatment of COVID-19 with anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma (ASCoV2CP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04360486 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04361253 {published data only}
    1. NCT04361253. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody-containing plasma therapy. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04361253 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04362176 {published data only}
    1. NCT04362176. Passive immunity trial of Nashville II. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04362176 (first received 24 April 2020).
    1. Self WH, Stewart TG, Wheeler AP, Atrouni WE, Bistran-Hall AJ, Casey JD et al. Passive immunity trial for our nation (PassITON): study protocol for a randomized placebo-control clinical trial evaluating COVID-19 convalescent plasma in hospitalized adults (preprint). Available from www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-227796/v1. - PMC - PubMed
NCT04363034 {published data only}
    1. NCT04363034. Arkansas expanded access COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment program. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04363034 (first received 27 April 2020).
NCT04364737 {published data only}
    1. NCT04364737. Convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 complications in hospitalized patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04364737 (first received 28 April 2020).
    1. NCT04404634. Convalescent plasma to limit coronavirus associated complications. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04404634 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04366245 {published data only}
    1. NCT04366245. Clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with hyperimmune plasma obtained from convalescent antibodies of COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04366245 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04372979 {published data only}
    1. NCT04372979. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04372979 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04373460 {published data only}
    1. NCT04373460. Convalescent plasma to limit SARS-CoV-2 associated complications. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04373460 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04374370 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374370. SARSCoV2 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CP) expanded access protocol (EAP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374370 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04374487 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374487. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 associated complications. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374487 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04374526 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374526. Early transfusIon of convalescent plasma in elderly COVID-19 patients to prevent disease progression. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374526 (first received 5 May 2020).
    1. Teofili L, Landolfi R, Cingolani A, Antinori A, Vecchiet J, Sanguinetti M, et al. Early transfusion of convalescent plasma in older patients with COVID-19 to prevent disease progression: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):875. - PMC - PubMed
NCT04376788 {published data only}
    1. NCT04376788. Exchange transfusion versus plasma from convalescent patients with methylene blue in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04376788 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04377568 {published data only}
    1. NCT04377568. Efficacy of human coronavirus-immune convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 disease in hospitalized children. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04377568 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04380935 {published data only}
    1. NCT04380935. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04380935 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04385043 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385043. Hyperimmune plasma in patients with COVID-19 severe infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385043 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04385186 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385186. Inactivated convalescent plasma as a therapeutic alternative in patients COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385186 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04385199 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385199. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385199 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04388410 {published data only}
    1. NCT04388410. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma transfusion for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04388410 (first received 14 May 2020).
NCT04390503 {published data only}
    1. NCT04390503. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 close contacts. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04390503 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04391101 {published data only}
    1. NCT04391101. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04391101 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04395170 {published data only}
    1. NCT04395170. Convalescent plasma compared to anti-COVID-19 human immunoglobulin and standard treatment (TE) in hospitalized patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04395170 (first received 20 May 2020).
NCT04397757 {published data only}
    1. NCT04397757. COVID-19 convalescent plasma for the treatment of hospitalized patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04397757 (first received 21 May 2020).
NCT04403477 {published data only}
    1. Chowdhury FR, Hoque A, Chowdhury FUH, Amin MR, Rahim A, Rahman MM, et al. Convalescent plasma transfusion therapy in severe COVID-19 patients- a safety, efficacy and dose response study: A structured summary of a study protocol of a phase II randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):883. - PMC - PubMed
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NCT04408040 {published data only}
    1. Use of convalescent plasma for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04408040 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04415086 {published data only}
    1. NCT04415086. Treatment of patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04415086 (first received 4 June 2020).
NCT04418518 {published data only}
    1. NCT04418518. A trial of convalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04418518 (first received 5 June 2020).
NCT04420988 {published data only}
    1. Investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma infusion for severely or life-threateningly ill COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04420988 (first received 09 June 2020).
NCT04421404 {published data only}
    1. NCT04421404. Effects of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) on coronavirus-associated complications in hospitalized patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04421404 (first received 9 June 2020).
NCT04425837 {published data only}
    1. NCT04425837. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma in patients with high-risk COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04425837 (first received 11 June 2020).
NCT04425915 {published data only}
    1. NCT04425915. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04425915 (first received 11 June 2020).
NCT04428021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04428021. Standard or convalescent plasma in patients with recent onset of COVID-19 respiratory failure. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04428021 (first received 11 June 2020).
NCT04429854 {published data only}
    1. Devos T, Geukens T, Schauvlieghe A, Ariën K, Barbezange C, Cleeren M, et al. A randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working against nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial. Trials 27 November 2020;21:981. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Devos T, Geukens T, Schauvlieghe A, Ariën K, Barbezange C, Cleeren M, et al. Correction to: a randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working against nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial. Trials 14 December 2020;21:981. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04876-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Devos T, Geukens T, Schauwvlieghe A, Ariën K, Barbezange C, Cleeren M, et al. A randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working against nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial. ResearchSquare 2020. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04429854. Donated antibodies working against nCoV. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04429854 (first received 12 June 2020).
NCT04432272 {published data only}
    1. NCT04432272. Antibody-level based analysis of COVID convalescent serum (ABACCuS). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04432272 (first received 16 June 2020).
NCT04438057 {published data only}
    1. NCT04438057. Evaluating the efficacy of convalescent plasma in symptomatic outpatients infected with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04438057 (first received 18 June 2020).
NCT04442191 {published data only}
    1. NCT04442191. Convalescent plasma as a possible treatment for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04442191 (first received 22 June 2020).
NCT04445207 {published data only}
    1. Experimental expanded access treatment with convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445207 (first received 24 June 2020).
NCT04452812 {published data only}
    1. NCT04452812. Statistical and epidemiological study based on the use of convalescent plasma for the management of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04452812 (first received 30 June 2020).
NCT04453384 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR202000257427. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a and 2b study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of XAV-19 in patients with COVID-19 induced moderate pneumonia. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-002574-27/FR.
    1. Gaborit B, Vanhove B, Vibet M A, Le Thuaut A, Lacombe K, Dubee V, et al. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of XAV-19 in patients with COVID-19-induced moderate pneumonia: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 2 (2a and 2b) trial. Trials 2021;22(199):(no pagination). [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05132-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04453384. Study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of XAV-19 in patients with COVID-19 induced moderate pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04453384 (first received 01 July 2020).
NCT04456413 {published data only}
    1. NCT04456413. Convalescent plasma as treatment for subjects with early COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04456413 (first received 2 July 2020).
NCT04463823 {published data only}
    1. "NORPLASMA" COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment monitoring study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04463823 (first received 09 July 2020).
NCT04468009 {published data only}
    1. NCT04468009. Treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04468009 (first received 13 July 2020).
NCT04468958 {published data only}
    1. NCT04468958. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SAB-185 in healthy participants. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04468958 (first received 13 July 2020).
NCT04469179 {published data only}
    1. NCT04469179. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SAB-185 in ambulatory participants with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04469179 (first received 13 July 2020).
NCT04472572 {published data only}
    1. NCT04472572. Expanded access to convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04472572 (first received 15 July 2020).
NCT04483960 {published data only}
    1. NCT04483960. Australasian COVID-19 trial (ASCOT). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04483960 (first received 23 July 2020).
NCT04497324 {published data only}
    1. NCT04497324. Peruconplasma: evaluating the use of convalescent plasma as management of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04497324 (first received 04 August 2020).
    1. PER-016-20. PERUCONPLASMA: Evaluating the use of convalescent plasma as managment of COVID-19. Available from www.ins.gob.pe/ensayosclinicos/rpec/recuperarECPBNuevoEN.asp?numec=016-20 (first receibed 01 June 2020).
NCT04497779 {published data only}
    1. Evaluation of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04497779 (first received 04 August 2020).
NCT04514302 {published data only}
    1. NCT04514302. Safety and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 equine antibody fragments (INOSARS) for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04514302 (first received 14 August 2020).
NCT04516811 {published data only}
    1. NCT04516811. Therapeutic use of convalescent plasma in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04516811 (first received 18 August 2020).
NCT04521036 {published data only}
    1. NCT04521036. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients (CPCP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04521036 (first received 20 August 2020).
NCT04524507 {published data only}
    1. NCT04524507. COVID-19 antibody plasma research study in hospitalized patients (UNC CCP RCT). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04524507 (first received 24 August 2020).
NCT04528368 {published data only}
    1. NCT04528368. Convalescent plasma for treating patients with COVID-19 pneumonia without indication of ventilatory support. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04528368 (first received 27 August 2020).
NCT04539275 {published data only}
    1. NCT04539275. COVID-19 (VA CURES-1). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04539275 (first received 04 September 2020).
NCT04542967 {published data only}
    1. NCT04542967. Study on the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04542967 (first received 09 September 2020).
NCT04545047 {published data only}
    1. NCT04545047. Observational study of convalescent plasma for treatment of veterans with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04545047 (first received 10 September 2020).
NCT04546581 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-002542-16-GR. Treatment of patients with coronavirus infection with immunoglobulin. Available from who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-002542-16-GR (first received 14 September 2020).
    1. NCT04546581. Inpatient treatment with anti-coronavirus immunoglobulin (ITAC). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04546581 (first received 14 September 2020).
NCT04555148 {published data only}
    1. NCT04555148. COVIDIG (COVID-19 Hyper-ImmunoGlobulin). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04555148 (first received 18 September 2020).
NCT04558476 {published data only}
    1. Misset B, Hoste E, Donneau AF, Grimaldi D, Meyfroidt G, Moutschen M, et al. A multicenter randomized trial to assess the efficacy of CONvalescent plasma therapy in patients with Invasive COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure treated with mechanical ventilation: the CONFIDENT trial protocol. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2020;20(317):(no pagination). - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04558476. Efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with COVID-19 treated with mechanical ventilation. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04558476 (first received 22 September 2020).
NCT04567173 {published data only}
    1. NCT04567173. Convalescent plasma as adjunctive therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04567173 (first received 28 September 2020).
NCT04573855 {published data only}
    1. NCT04573855 - unclear. Treatment with anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04573855 (first received 05 October 2020).
NCT04589949 {published data only}
    1. NCT04589949. Early convalescent plasma therapy for high-risk patients with COVID-19 in primary care (the CoV-Early Study). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04589949 (first received 19 October 2020).
NCT04600440 {published data only}
    1. NCT04600440. Convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04600440 (first received 23 October 2020).
NCT04621123 {published data only}
    1. NCT04621123. Plasma for early treatment in non-hospitalised mild or moderate COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04621123 (first received 09 November 2020).
NCT04634422 {published data only}
    1. NCT04634422. Plasma exchange (PLEX) and convalescent plasma (CCP) in COVID-19 patients with multiorgan failure. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04634422 (first received 18 November 2020).
NCT04642014 {published data only}
    1. NCT04642014. Application of convalescent plasma in the treatment of SARS CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) with evaluation of therapy effectiveness. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04642014 (first received 24 November 2020).
NCT04649879 {published data only}
    1. NCT04649879. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19: an open randomised controlled trial. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04649879 (first received 02 December 2020).
NCT04669990 {published data only}
    1. NCT04669990. Remdesivir and convalescent plasma therapy for treatment of COVID-19 infection in Nepal: a registry study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04669990 (first received 17 December 2020).
NCT04681430 {published data only}
    1. NCT04681430. Reconvalescent plasma/camostat mesylate early in SARS-CoV-2 Q-PCR (COVID-19) positive high-risk individuals (RES-Q-HR). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04681430 (first received 23 December 2020).
NCT04712344 {published data only}
    1. NCT04712344. Assessment of efficacy and safety of therapy with COVID-19 convalescent plasma in subjects with severe COVID-19 (IPCO). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04712344 (first received 15 January 2021).
NCT04716556 {published data only}
    1. NCT04716556. Tranfusion of convalescent plasma for the early treatment of pneumonIa in COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04716556 (first received 20 January 2021).
NCT04730401 {published data only}
    1. NCT04730401. Convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19 (CP_COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04730401 (first received January 27, 2021).
NL8633 {published data only}
    1. NL8633. A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial of convalescent plasma compared to standard plasma for treatment of hospitalized non-ICU patients with COVID-19 infections. Available from trialregister.nl/trial/8633 (first received 13 May 2020).
PACTR202006760881890 {published data only}
    1. PACTR202006760881890. Lagos COVID-19 convalescent plasma trial (LACCPT). Available from pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=12168.
PACTR202007653923168 {published data only}
    1. PACTR202007653923168. A clinical trial comparing use of convalescent plasma therapy plus standard treatment to standard treatment alone in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Available from pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=11047 (first received 16 July 2020).
PER‐013‐20 {published data only}
    1. PER-013-20. Convalescent plasma as treatment for COVID-19. Available from ins.gob.pe/ensayosclinicos/rpec/recuperarECPBNuevoEN.asp?numec=013-20 (first received 25 June 2020).
PER‐060‐20 {published data only}
    1. PER-060-20. Randomized phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the use of plasma from convalescent patients with the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Available from who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PER-060-20 (first received 21 September 2020).
RBR‐7jqpnw {published data only}
    1. RBR-7jqpnw. Effect of COVID-19 convalescent plasma produced by HEMOPE: a randomized study, with a comparative group in several centers. Available from ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7jqpnw/ (first received 11 May 2020).

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References to other published versions of this review

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