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. 2021 May 20;16(5):e0250971.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250971. eCollection 2021.

Understanding health care-seeking behaviour of the tribal population in India among those with presumptive TB symptoms

Beena E Thomas  1 , Kannan Thiruvengadam  1 , Raghavi S  1 , Sudha Rani  1 , Vetrivel S  1 , Vikas Gangadhar Rao  2 , Rajiv Yadav  2 , Bhat J  2 , Vijayachari Paluru  3 , Anil Jacob Purthy  4 , Tahziba Hussain  5 , Anil Kumar Indira Krishna  6 , Alex Joseph  6 , Avi Kumar Bansal  7 , Praveen Anand  8 , Pradeep Das  9 , K R John  10 , Rekha Devi K  11 , Sunish P  3 , Rony Moral  1 , Azhagendran S  1 , Chandrasekaran V  1 , Toteja G S  8 , Madhuchhanda Das  12 , A M Khan  13 , Harpreet Kaur  13
Affiliations

Understanding health care-seeking behaviour of the tribal population in India among those with presumptive TB symptoms

Beena E Thomas et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background and objectives: Understanding the drivers for care-seeking among those who present with symptoms of TB is crucial for early diagnosis of TB and prompt treatment, which will in turn halt further TB transmission. While TB is a challenge among the tribal population, little is known about the care-seeking behaviour and the factors influencing care-seeking behaviour among the tribal population across India.

Methodology: This community-based descriptive study was carried out in 17 states of India across 6 zones, covering 88 villages from tribal districts with over 70% tribal population. The sample population included individuals ≥15 years old who were screened through an interview for symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB (PTB), currently and/or previously on anti-TB treatment. Those with symptoms were then assessed on their health-seeking behavior using a semi-structured interview schedule.

Results: Among 74532 eligible participants screened for symptoms suggestive of TB, 2675 (3.6%) were found to be presumptive TB cases. Of them, 659 (24.6%) sought care for their symptoms. While 48.2% sought care after a week, 19.3% sought care after one month or more, with no significant difference in the first point of care; 46.9% approaching a private and 46.7% a public facility. The significant factors influencing care-seeking behaviour were knowledge on TB (OR: 4.64 (3.70-5.83), p < 0.001), age<35 years (OR: 1.60 (1.28-2.00), p < 0.001), co-morbidities like asthma (OR: 1.80 (1.38-2.35), p < 0.001) and blood pressure (OR: 2.59 (1.75-3.85), p < 0.001), symptoms such as blood in sputum (OR: 1.69 (1.32-2.16), p < 0.001), shortness of breath (OR: 1.43 (1.19-1.72), p < 0.001) and weight loss (OR: 1.59 (1.33-1.89), p < 0.001). The cough was the most often reported symptom overall. There were gender differences in symptoms that prompted care-seeking: Males were more likely to seek care for weight loss (OR: 1.78 (1.42-2.23), p<0.001), blood in the sputum (OR: 1.69 (1.25-2.28), p<0.001), shortness of breath (OR: 1.49 (1.18-1.88), p<0.001) and fever (OR: 1.32 (1.05-1.65), p = 0.018). Females were more likely to seek care for blood in sputum (OR: 1.68 (1.10-2.58), p = 0.018) and shortness of breath (OR = 1.35, (1.01-1.82), p = 0.048). The cough did not feature as a significant symptom that prompted care-seeking.

Conclusion: Delayed healthcare-seeking behaviour among those with symptoms presumptive of TB in the tribal population is a major concern. Findings point to differences across gender about symptoms that prompt care-seeking in this population. Gender-sensitive interventions with health system strengthening are urgently needed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment among this population.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Care seeking behaviour of chest symptomatic.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Reasons for not seeking care.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Organization WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report. 2020.
    1. National Strategic plan for Tuberculosis Elimination 2017–2025. 2017. - PubMed
    1. Government of India. Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India. Minist Tribal Aff Stat Div Gov India [Internet]. 2013;1–448. Available from: www.tribal.nic.in.
    1. Resource Group for Education and Advocacy for Community Health. Rapid Assessment Report. 2018.
    1. Sumirtha G, Veenapani RV, Umakant D. Health seeking behaviour among particularly vulnerable tribal groups: A case study of Nilgiris. J Public Heal Epidemiol. 2017;9(4):74–83.

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