COVID-19 Epidemic in Malaysia: Epidemic Progression, Challenges, and Response

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest communicable disease outbreak to have hit Malaysia since the 1918 Spanish Flu which killed 34,644 people or 1% of the population of the then British Malaya. In 1999, the Nipah virus outbreak killed 105 Malaysians, while the SARS outbreak of 2003 claimed only 2 lives. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has so far claimed over 100 Malaysian lives. There were two waves of the COVID-19 cases in Malaysia. First wave of 22 cases occurred from January 25 to February 15 with no death and full recovery of all cases. The ongoing second wave, which commenced on February 27, presented cases in several clusters, the biggest of which was the Sri Petaling Tabligh cluster with an infection rate of 6.5%, and making up 47% of all cases in Malaysia. Subsequently, other clusters appeared from local mass gatherings and imported cases of Malaysians returning from overseas. Healthcare workers carry high risks of infection due to the daily exposure and management of COVID-19 in the hospitals. However, 70% of them were infected through community transmission and not while handling patients. In vulnerable groups, the incidence of COVID-19 cases was highest among the age group 55 to 64 years. In terms of fatalities, 63% were reported to be aged above 60 years, and 81% had chronic comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart diseases. The predominant COVID-19 strain in Malaysia is strain B, which is found exclusively in East Asia. However, strain A, which is mostly found in the USA and Australia, and strain C in Europe were also present. To contain the epidemic, Malaysia implemented a Movement Control Order (MCO) beginning on March 18 in 4 phases over 2 months, ending on May 12. In terms of economic impacts, Malaysia lost RM2.4 billion a day during the MCO period, with an accumulated loss of RM63 billion up to the end of April. Since May 4, Malaysia has relaxed the MCO and opened up its economic sector to relieve its economic burden. Currently, the best approach to achieving herd immunity to COVID-19 is through vaccination rather than by acquiring it naturally. There are at least two candidate vaccines which have reached the final stage of human clinical trials. Malaysia's COVID-19 case fatality rate is lower than what it is globally; this is due to the successful implementation of early preparedness and planning, the public health and hospital system, comprehensive contact tracing, active case detection, and a strict enhanced MCO.

Keywords: COVID-19; Malaysia; coronavirus; movement control order; pandemic.

Figure 1

The transmission of COVID-19 (6). License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Figure 2

Distribution of COVID-19 cases by district in Malaysia as of April 16, 2020. (A) Peninsular Malaysia, (B) island of Borneo, Malaysia (10). Source: Malay Mail. Permission has been obtained from the copyright holders.

Figure 3

Disease outbreak response matrix Malaysia (11). Source: Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Permission has been obtained from the copyright holders.

Figure 4

Number of total deaths (A) and new deaths (B) from March 16 to May 1 in Malaysia. Originally created by the co-author S.C.K.

Figure 5

Enhanced movement control order in Malaysia (93). Source: Malay Mail. Permission has been obtained from the copyright holders.

Figure 6

Projection of epidemic peak by the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (95). Source: Malaysian Institute of Economic Research. Permission has been obtained from the copyright holders.

Figure 7

Number of daily new COVID-19 cases reported in Malaysia (96). Source: Worldometers.info. Figure is an open source from the Worldometers.info website.

Figure 8

Number of daily active COVID-19 cases reported in Malaysia (96). Source: Worldometers.info. Figure is an open source from the Worldometers.info website.