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. 2022 Apr;28(4):414-423.
doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000497. Epub 2021 May 24.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of NIH Toolbox Cognitive Tests into Swahili and Dholuo Languages for Use in Children in Western Kenya

Megan M Duffey  1   2 , David Ayuku  3   4 , George Ayodo  5   6 , Emily Abuonji  5 , Mark Nyalumbe  3 , Amy K Giella  7 , Julie N Hook  7 , Tuan M Tran  1   2 , Megan S McHenry  1   4
Affiliations

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of NIH Toolbox Cognitive Tests into Swahili and Dholuo Languages for Use in Children in Western Kenya

Megan M Duffey et al. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Objectives: Performing high-quality and reliable cognitive testing requires significant resources and training. As a result, large-scale studies involving cognitive testing are difficult to perform in low- and middle-income settings, limiting access to critical knowledge to improve academic achievement and economic production in these populations. The NIH Toolbox® is a collection of cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional tests that can be administered and scored using an iPad® tablet, reducing the need for training and quality monitoring; and thus, it is a potential solution to this problem.

Methods: We describe our process for translation and cultural adaptation of the existing NIH Toolbox tests of fluid cognition into the Swahili and Dholuo languages for use in children aged 3-14 years in western Kenya. Through serial forward and back translations, cognitive interviews, group consensus, outside feedback, and support from the NIH Toolbox team, we produced translated tests that have both face validity and linguistic validation.

Results: During our cognitive interviews, we found that the five chosen tests (one each of attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed) were generally well understood by children aged 7-14 years in our chosen populations. The cognitive interviews informed alterations in translation as well as slight changes in some images to culturally adapt the tests.

Conclusions: This study describes the process by which we translated five fluid cognition tests from the NIH Toolbox into the Swahili and Dholuo languages. The finished testing application will be available for future studies, including a pilot study for assessment of psychometric properties.

Keywords: Academic Success; Child; Cognition; Developing countries; Language; Linguistics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Selected NIH Toolbox® TestsNote. Flanker, Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test; DCCS, Dimensional Change Card Sort Test; PSM, Picture Sequence Memory Test; PC, Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test; LSWM, List Sorting Working Memory Test.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Flowchart of the translation and cultural adaptation process
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Select items from the NIH Toolbox List Sorting Working Memory Test (Working Memory), used with permission NIH Toolbox © 2021, National Institutes of Health, and Northwestern University. The practice images “bear” and “tiger” were replaced with “hippo” and “cheetah,” respectively. Pictured are the Dholuo words for hippo and cheetah. These were also translated into Swahili.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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