Application of the "Yang-Monti principle" in children with iatrogenic ureteral injuries

Abstract

Background: Iatrogenic ureteral injuries in children are rare, due to its retroperitoneal position. The Yang -Monti ileal substitution serves as a good surgical option in such injuries associated with long segment defects of the ureter.

Objectives: To review our experience using the Yang Monti principle of ileal ureter substitution in children with long segment ureteric defects and analyse its intermediate term outcomes.

Study design: This was a prospective study, conducted from 2014 to 2019. All children with iatrogenic ureteral injuries with delayed presentations, undergoing the Yang Monti principle of ileal ureter substitution, were included (as illustrated in summary image). These injuries were divided into upper, mid, and distal ureteral injuries and were diagnosed based on a standardized protocol. At follow up, findings of the CT urogram, functional isotope renogram, and renal functions were the key points monitored. The demographic, clinical profile, operative, post-operative complications and follow up data were collated and analyzed.

Results: 22 children were diagnosed with iatrogenic ureteral injuries. Of these, 14 children with delayed presentations underwent the Yang Monti principle of ileal ureter substitution. The primary pathology was gangrenous appendicitis (9 cases), calculus cholecystitis (3 cases) and torsion ovary (2 cases). Laparoscopic procedures were the commonest approach for the injury (10). The average age was 11.5 years, with a male predominance. The right ureter was affected in 12 cases. The average time to detection was 7 days. All children underwent an ultrasound guided nephrostomy tube insertion at presentation and the mid ureter (9) was most affected. The mean length of ureteric injury was 3.75 cm. Intra operatively, one ileal segment (2), two ileal segments (11) and three ileal segments (1) were used according to the length of the ureteric defect. Complications were urinary tract infections (2), adhesions (3) and leak (2) which were conservatively managed with no redo surgeries. The median follow up period was 4 years. At follow up CT urogram and isotope diuretic renogram were normal, with preserved renal functions and no metabolic complications in all.

Discussion & conclusion: In children associated with iatrogenic ureteral injuries of long lengths, the "Yang Monti ileal substitution" serves as a good and simple option with lesser complications permitting the preservation of the renal function at follow up.

Keywords: Children; Follow up; Post-operative complications; Ureteral injury; Yang monti ileal substitution.