Promising Aging in Community Models in the U.S.: Village, Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC), Cohousing, and University-Based Retirement Community (UBRC)

Abstract

Aging in Community (AIC) is the preferred way to age. This systematic review identified promising AIC models in the U.S. and analyzed model characteristics and push-pull factors from older adults' perspectives. Push factors are those driving older adults to leave, while pull factors attract them to stay in a community. We conducted a two-phase search strategy using eight databases. Phase I identified promising AIC models and Phase II expanded each specific model identified. Fifty-two of 244 screened articles met the criteria and were analyzed. We identified four promising AIC models with the potential to achieve person-environment (P-E) fit, including village, naturally occurring retirement community (NORC), cohousing, and university-based retirement community (UBRC). Each has a unique way of helping older adults with their aging needs. Similar and unique push-pull factors of each AIC model were discussed. Analyses showed that pull factors were mostly program factors while push factors were often individual circumstances. Continued research is needed to address the challenges of recruiting minority older adults and those of lower socio-economic status, meeting older adults' diverse and dynamic needs, and conducting comparative studies to share lessons learned across the globe.

Keywords: aging in community; cohousing; naturally occurring retirement community; university-based retirement community; village.

Figure 1.

Articles searching flowchart. *Five duplicated articles included 1 for village/NORC/UBRC (repeated 3 times), 2 for NORC (repeated 1 time), 6 for village (repeated 1 time), and 2 for village/NORC (repeated 2 times). This summed a total of 15 duplicated times (1 × 3 + 2 × 1 + 6 × 1 + 2 × 2 = 15).