Flacourtia indica fruit extract modulated antioxidant gene expression, prevented oxidative stress and ameliorated kidney dysfunction in isoprenaline administered rats

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of Flacourtia indica fruit extract against isoprenaline (ISO) induced renal damage in rats. This investigation showed that ISO administration in rats increased the level oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) in kidneys followed by a decrease in antioxidant enzymes functions. Flacourtia indica fruit extract, which is rich in strong antioxidants, also reduced the MDA, NO and APOP level in kidney of ISO administered rats. Inflammation and necrosis was also visible in kidney section of ISO administered rats which was significantly prevented by atenolol and Flacourtia indica fruit extract. Moreover, atenolol and Flacourtia indica fruit extract also modulated the genes expressions related to inflammation and oxidative stress in kidneys. The beneficial effects could be attributed to the presence of a number of phenolic antioxidants. This study suggests that Flacourtia indica fruit extract may prevent kidney dysfunction in ISO administered rats, probably by preventing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Flacourtia indica; Inflammation; Isoprenaline; Necrosis.

Fig. 1

Effect of Flacourtia indica fruits extracts on oxidative stress parameters in kidney of ISO administered rats. Values are presented as mean ± SEM, N = 6. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was performed to detect the statistical significance. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 in all cases. ** denoted P < 0.01 and * denotes as p < 0.05.

Fig. 2

Effect of Flacourtia indica fruits extracts on antioxidant enzyme activities in kidney of ISO administered rats. Values are presented as mean ± SEM, N = 6. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was performed to detect the statistical significance. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 in all cases. ** denoted P < 0.01 and * denotes as p < 0.05.

Fig. 3

Effect of Flacourtia indica fruits extracts on uric acid and creatinine in kidney of ISO administered rats. Values are presented as mean ± SEM, N = 6. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was performed to detect the statistical significance. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 in all cases. ** denoted P < 0.01 and * denotes as p < 0.05.

Fig. 4

Effect of Flacourtia indica fruits extracts on antioxidant gene expression in kidney of ISO administered rats. Values are presented as mean ± SD, N = 6. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was performed to detect the statistical significance. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 in all cases. **denoted P < 0.01 and * denotes as p < 0.05.

Fig. 5

Effect of Flacourtia indica fruits extracts on inflammation marker related genes expression in kidney of ISO administered rats. Values are presented as mean ± SD, N = 6. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was performed to detect the statistical significance. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 in all cases. **denoted P < 0.01 and * denotes as p < 0.05.

Fig. 6

Effect of Flacourtia indica fruit extract on histological assessments in kidney of ISO administered rats. Upper panel showed Hematoxylin and eosin staining and lower panel showed Sirius red staining. A, E-control; B, F- ISO; C, G- ISO + Flacourtia indica and D, H- ISO + Atenolol. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7

Schematic presentation of mechanism exerted by the Flacourtia indica fruit extract in kidney dysfunction of ISO administerd rats. Flacourtia indica fruit extract are rich in polyphenols which could be responsible for the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation in kidneys of rats. This beneficial effect could be attributed to the mechanism in which polyphenolic substance may inhibit the inflammatory cytokines expression, decreased nitric oxide production by iNOS and prevented the TGF-β mediated fibrosis signal in kidneys of ISO administerd rats.