Affiliations

• ¹ National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: jie.qiao@263.net.
• ² National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
• ³ National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, National Center for Birth Defect Surveillance of China, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
• ⁴ Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
• ⁵ Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
• ⁶ China Program for Health Innovation & Transformation, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁷ China National Health and Development Research Centre, Beijing, China.
• ⁸ China Maternal and Child Health Association, Beijing, China.
• ⁹ Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
• ¹⁰ School of Public Health & Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
• ¹¹ National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
• ¹² National Center for Women and Children's Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
• ¹³ Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
• ¹⁴ Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
• ¹⁵ Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
• ¹⁶ Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• ¹⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
• ¹⁸ Robinson Research Institute, Fertility SA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
• ¹⁹ Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
• ²⁰ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
• ²¹ Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
• ²² National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, National Center for Birth Defect Surveillance of China, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Electronic address: zhu_jun1@163.com.
• ²³ Department of Women and Children Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Bejing, China. Electronic address: songlimoh@126.com.
• ²⁴ Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.