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Review
. 2021 Aug;47(8):2006-2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.016. Epub 2021 May 24.

How to Perform Intra-Operative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Brain-A WFUMB Position Paper

Affiliations
Review

How to Perform Intra-Operative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Brain-A WFUMB Position Paper

Francesco Prada et al. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2021 Aug.

Erratum in

Abstract

Intra-operative ultrasound has become a relevant imaging modality in neurosurgical procedures. While B-mode, with its intrinsic limitations, is still considered the primary ultrasound modality, intra-operative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (ioCEUS) has more recently emerged as a powerful tool in neurosurgery. Though still not used on a large scale, ioCEUS has proven its utility in defining tumor boundaries, identifying lesion vascular supply and mapping neurovascular architecture. Here we propose a step-by-step procedure for performing ioCEUS analysis of the brain, highlighting its neurosurgical applications. Moreover, we provide practical advice on the use of ultrasound contrast agents and review technical ultrasound parameters influencing ioCEUS imaging.

Keywords: Brain tumors; CEUS; Central nervous system; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Intraoperative ultrasounds; Neurosurgery; Neurovascular diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest disclosure All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

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