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. 2021 May 30;21(1):643.
doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08196-7.

Exercise interventions for people diagnosed with cancer: a systematic review of implementation outcomes

Louise Czosnek  1 , Justin Richards  2   3 , Eva Zopf  4 , Prue Cormie  4   5   6 , Simon Rosenbaum  7   8 , Nicole M Rankin  3
Affiliations

Exercise interventions for people diagnosed with cancer: a systematic review of implementation outcomes

Louise Czosnek et al. BMC Cancer. .

Abstract

Purpose: Exercise is efficacious for people living after a cancer diagnosis. However, implementation of exercise interventions in real-world settings is challenging. Implementation outcomes are defined as 'the effects of deliberate and purposive actions to implement new treatments, practices, and services'. Measuring implementation outcomes is a practical way of evaluating implementation success. This systematic review explores the implementation outcomes of exercise interventions evaluated under real-world conditions for cancer care.

Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, an electronic database search of Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, SportsDiscus, Scopus and Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and February 2020. The Moving through Cancer registry was hand searched. The Implementation Outcomes Framework guided data extraction. Inclusion criteria were adult populations with a cancer diagnosis. Efficacy studies were excluded.

Results: Thirty-seven articles that described 31 unique programs met the inclusion criteria. Implementation outcomes commonly evaluated were feasibility (unique programs n = 17, 54.8%) and adoption (unique programs n = 14, 45.2%). Interventions were typically delivered in the community (unique programs n = 17, 58.6%), in groups (unique programs n = 14, 48.3%) and supervised by a qualified health professional (unique programs n = 14, 48.3%). Implementation outcomes infrequently evaluated were penetration (unique programs n = 1, 3.2%) and sustainability (unique programs n = 1, 3.2%).

Conclusions: Exercise studies need to measure and evaluate implementation outcomes under real-world conditions. Robust measurement and reporting of implementation outcomes can help to identify what strategies are essential for successful implementation of exercise interventions.

Implications for cancer survivors: Understanding how exercise interventions can be successful implemented is important so that people living after a cancer diagnosis can derive the benefits of exercise.

Keywords: Cancer; Exercise; Implementation outcomes; Physical activity; Systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

PC is the Founder and Director of EX-MED Cancer Ltd., a not-for-profit organisation that provides exercise medicine services to people with cancer. PC is the Director of Exercise Oncology EDU Pty Ltd., a company that provides fee for service training courses to upskill exercise professionals in delivering exercise to people with cancer.

Figures

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Fig. 1
PRISMA Diagram
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