Overcoming the Impact of COVID-19 on Surgical Mentorship: A Scoping Review of Long-distance Mentorship in Surgery

Abstract

Background: Mentorship in the surgical field has been increasingly recognized as a crucial component of career success. Distance mentorship models may be utilized to overcome geographic limitations, increase mentorship access, and strengthen mentoring relationships in surgery.

Objective: This review aimed to identify the scope of literature on distance mentoring in surgery, the range of its application, its effectiveness, and any gaps in the literature that should be addressed in order to enhance mentorship in the surgical field.

Design: A comprehensive PubMed review was performed in January 2021 on distance mentorship of students, trainees, and surgeons in the surgical field. Reviews, replies, and non-English articles were excluded. Data was extracted regarding publication year, author's country, specialty, subjects, aim of mentorship model, and efficacy.

Results: 134 total studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most studies were published in 2020, written by authors in the United States, from general surgery, and featured an expert surgeon paired with a more junior fully trained surgeon. In all, 93.3% of studies utilized distance mentorship to enhance surgical skill through telementoring and only 4.5% were focused on mentorship to enhance careers through professional development. The remaining studies utilized distance mentorship models to increase surgical research (0.7%) and clinical knowledge (1.5%).

Conclusion: The results of this review suggest successful implementation of distance mentoring in surgery through telementoring, but a lack of professionally aimed distance mentorship programs. Amidst COVID-19, distance mentorship is particularly important because of decreased face-to-face opportunity. Future studies in the surgical field should investigate distance mentoring as a means of increasing mentorship for professional development.

Keywords: e-mentor; education; remote; telementor; training; virtual.

FIGURE 1

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flowchart.

FIGURE 2

A graphical history of the published studies addressing distance mentorship in surgery.

FIGURE 3

The number of publications on distance mentorship in surgery by author's country.

FIGURE 4

The number of publications by surgical specialty. (*) Combined includes: Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery (N = 2), Trauma, Vascular, and Orthopedic Surgery (N = 1). OMFS, oral and maxillofacial surgery; OB/GYN, Obstetrics and Gynecology.

FIGURE 5

Proportions of publications with an educational (N = 2, 1.5%), professional (N = 6, 4.5%), research (N = 1, 0.7%), and telementoring (N = 125, 93.3%) focus.

FIGURE 6

Proportions of publications with mentees who were practicing physicians and had completed training (N = 5944.0%), students (N = 14, 10.5%), trainees (N = 23, 17.2%), multiple levels (N = 15, 11.2%), and unspecified (N = 2317.2%). (*) Multiple levels includes practicing physicians and trainees (N = 6), students and trainees (N = 7), students and practicing physicians (N = 1), and students, trainees, and practicing physicians (N = 1).