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Review
. 2021 Apr;41(Suppl. 1):S76-S89.
doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-suppl.1-41-2021-08.

Critical review of multidisciplinary approaches for managing sinonasal tumors with orbital involvement

Affiliations
Review

Critical review of multidisciplinary approaches for managing sinonasal tumors with orbital involvement

Paolo Castelnuovo et al. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2021 Apr.

Abstract

Approcci multidisciplinari per la gestione dei tumori nasosinusali con invasione orbitaria: revisione critica della letteratura.

Riassunto: La vicinanza anatomica dell’orbita con il compartimento nasosinusale e la base cranica giustifica il fatto che un’invasione orbitaria possa essere frequentemente osservata nei tumori che originano dall’etmoide, dal seno mascellare e dal seno frontale. L’obiettivo principale di questa review è quello di analizzare le evidenze scientifiche a oggi disponibili in letteratura circa la frequenza, le strategie di trattamento e i risultati ottenuti nella gestione dei tumori nasosinusali benigni e maligni con invasione orbitaria. È stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura scientifica pubblicata dal 1995 al 2020. Un’invasione dell’orbita è stata osservata nel 2-4% dei papillomi invertiti, nel 12-15% delle lesioni fibro-ossee, nel 27-32% degli angiofibromi giovanili, nel 35-45% dei tumori maligni ben differenziati, e nel 50-80% delle neoplasie maligne scarsamente differenziate. L’asportazione chirurgica radicale con margini di resezione negativi rappresenta il caposaldo per il trattamento delle neoplasie benigne e maligne a basso grado. Schemi di chemioterapia di induzione specifici per ogni sottotipo istologico rappresentano invece il trattamento di scelta per i tumori maligni scarsamente differenziati, nel tentativo di ridurre il volume di malattia e aumentare le possibilità di preservazione del contenuto orbitario. Nei casi in cui si osservi una risposta significativa alla chemioterapia di induzione, un trattamento radio-chemioterapico esclusivo con intento radicale è in grado di migliorare i risultati di sopravvivenza oncologica, lasciando alla chirurgia solo un ruolo di salvataggio in caso di persistenza o recidiva di malattia. In caso di preservazione dell’orbita, appropriate strategie di ricostruzione devono essere pianificate durante l’intervento chirurgico al fine di minimizzare possibili complicanze post-operatorie e per ottimizzare i risultati estetici e funzionali a lungo termine. L’infiltrazione dell’apice orbitario rappresenta il fattore prognostico negativo principale nel trattamento di queste neoplasie. Un lavoro di squadra all’interno di un gruppo multidisciplinare è indispensabile per ottimizzare il controllo locale di malattia, ridurre la morbilità per il paziente e aumentare le possibilità di preservazione dell’orbita.

Keywords: anterior skull base; endoscopic endonasal surgery; induction chemotherapy; orbital exenteration; sinonasal tumors.

Plain language summary

Orbital invasion is frequently observed in tumors involving the maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses given the proximity of the orbit to the sinonasal tract and ventral skull base. The main objective of the present review is to determine the existing evidences on the frequency, treatment, and outcomes of orbital invasion in benign and malignant sinonasal tumors. A systematic review of the literature published from 1995 to 2020 was performed and data sources included PubMed, Cochrane library, NCBI Bookshelf, National Guideline Clearinghouse. Orbital invasion was reported in 2-4% of inverted papillomas, 12-15% of fibro-osseous lesions, 27-32% of juvenile angiofibromas, 35-45% of low-grade malignancies, and 50-80% of high-grade cancers. Surgical resection with negative margins represents the cornerstone of management for benign and low-grade malignant tumors. Histology-specific induction chemotherapy can be used for high-grade sinonasal cancers in order to downstage the tumor and increase the possibility of orbital preservation. When a significant response to induction chemotherapy is observed, exclusive chemoradiation should be offered to improve overall survival rates. Appropriate reconstruction of any surgical defects is essential in order to minimize complications and optimize functional and aesthetic outcomes. Orbital apex invasion represents a negative prognostic factor. In conclusion, a multidisciplinary teamwork is mandatory to maximize local control, minimize morbidity and improve orbital preservation rates.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest

The Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Coronal (A) and axial (B) CT scan of a 32 year-old male affected by ivory osteoma with right intraorbital extension. White arrows in A and B highlight the displacement of the extrinsic ocular muscles. The patient was submitted to endoscopic endonasal resection of the lesion using the cavitation technique. The early post-operative CT scan performed 24 hours after surgery (panels C and D) ruled out any intraorbital complication. White asterisks in C and D indicate silicon roll sheets placed to maintain the orbital content within the orbital cavity and therefore prevent postoperative sequelae.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Contrast-enhanced MRI in coronal (A) and axial views (B) of a 46 year-old man affected by left ethmoid-maxillary inverted papilloma eroding the floor of the left orbit (black arrow in A), who underwent endoscopic endonasal resection with left medial maxillectomy type III. Postoperative MRI (C and D) excluded residual disease with hyperintense signal (black asterisk) at the left orbital floor, interpreted as post-surgical scar tissue requiring close radiological follow up. MRI performed 3 months after the surgery (E and F) demonstrated an extensive recurrence of disease involving the orbital floor (black arrowheads in E), anterior orbital content (black asterisk in F), hard palate and lateral bony wall of the left maxilla (black arrows in E), thus the patient was submitted to transfacial radical maxillectomy associated with orbital exenteration and reconstruction with an anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap. Final histology revealed an invasive SSC arising on IP. The MRI performed 3 years after the surgery (G and H) excluded local recurrences of disease (white asterisks indicate ALT flap).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Flowchart describing the multimodal management of sinonasal cancers with orbital invasion.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Contrast-enhanced MRI in coronal views (panels A and B) of a 30 year-old female affected by poorly-differentiated small cells neuroendocrine carcinoma, with intracranial involvement (black asterisk) and bilateral orbital invasion (black arrows). The patient received induction chemotherapy (cisplatin/etoposide scheme, 5 cycles) with complete response. The patient was therefore submitted to exclusive chemoradiation with curative intent. The contrast-enhanced MRI performed 2 years after treatment excluded recurrences of disease (C and D).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Contrast-enhanced MRI in coronal views (A and B) of a 69 year-old man affected by locally advanced sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma involving the left orbit (white arrows). The patient underwent induction chemotherapy (TPF scheme, 5 cycles) obtaining partial response (black asterisks in panels C and D indicate the persistence of disease). A left unilateral endoscopic resection with transnasal craniectomy and skull base reconstruction (white arrowheads) was performed to remove the residual disease. Finally, the patient received adjuvant irradiation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (62 Gy). The contrast-enhanced MRI performed 5 years after treatment showed no evidence of disease (E and F).
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Contrast-enhanced MRI in coronal (A, T1 contrast-weighted and B, T2-weighted sequences) and axial (C, T1 contrast-weighted) views of a 51 year-old man affected by locally advanced well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma involving the left orbit (white arrows indicate medial and inferior rectus muscles infiltration) and encroaching the anterior skull base. The patient underwent a bilateral endoscopic endonasal resection associated with skull base reconstruction and left orbital exenteration, followed by adjuvant irradiation (66 Gy). The contrast-enhanced MRI performed 3 years after treatment excluded recurrences of disease (panels D, E and F).

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