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. 2021 May 5;26(9):2701.
doi: 10.3390/molecules26092701.

The Role of Sulphate and Phosphate Ions in the Recovery of Benzoic Acid Self-Enhanced Ozonation in Water Containing Bromides

Lilla Fijołek  1 , Joanna Świetlik  1 , Marcin Frankowski  1
Affiliations

The Role of Sulphate and Phosphate Ions in the Recovery of Benzoic Acid Self-Enhanced Ozonation in Water Containing Bromides

Lilla Fijołek et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The ozonation of aromatic compounds in low-pH water is ineffective. In an acidic environment, the decomposition of ozone into hydroxyl radicals is limited and insufficient for the degradation of organic pollutants. Radical processes are also strongly inhibited by halogen ions present in the reaction medium, especially at low pH. It was shown that even under such unfavorable conditions, some compounds can initiate radical chain reactions leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals, thus accelerating the ozonation process, which is referred to as so-called "self-enhanced ozonation". This paper presents the effect of bromides on "self-enhanced ozonation" of benzoic acid (BA) at pH 2.5. It is the first report to fully and quantitatively describe this process. The presence of only 15 µM bromides in water inhibits ozone decomposition and completely blocks BA degradation. However, the effectiveness of this process can be regained by ozonation in the presence of phosphates or sulphate. The addition of these inorganic salts to the bromide-containing solution helps to recover ozone decomposition and BA degradation efficiency. As part of this research, the fractions of hydroxyl, sulphate and phosphate radicals reacting with benzoic acid and bromides were calculated.

Keywords: advanced oxidation processes; bromides; ozonation; phosphates; radicals; sulphate.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ozone decomposition in the presence of BA (24 µM) and bromides (0–15 µM), pH 2.5.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The ozone decomposition kinetics in the presence of BA (24 µM) and bromides (0–10 µM), pH = 2.5.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Degradation of BA (24 µM) in the presence of bromides (0–15 µM), pH = 2.5.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The degradation kinetics of BA (24 µM) in the presence of bromides (0–15 µM), pH = 2.5.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Ozone decomposition in the presence of BA (24 µM), bromides (15 µM), and phosphates (p = 0–50 mM), pH = 2.5.
Figure 6
Figure 6
BA degradation (24 µM) in the presence of bromides (15 µM) and a variable amount of phosphates (p = 0–50 mM), pH = 2.5.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Ozone decomposition in the presence of BA (24 µM), bromides (0 and 15 µM) and 50 mM sulphates (S) or phosphates (P), pH = 2.5.
Figure 8
Figure 8
BA degradation (24 µM) in the presence of bromides (0 and 15 µM) and 50 mM sulphates (S) or phosphates (P), pH = 2.5.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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