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. 2021 May 5;11(5):296.
doi: 10.3390/metabo11050296.

Detection and Comparison of Bioactive Compounds in Different Extracts of Two Hazelnut Skin Varieties, Tonda Gentile Romana and Tonda Di Giffoni, Using a Metabolomics Approach

Veronica Lelli  1 , Romina Molinari  1 , Nicolò Merendino  1 , Anna Maria Timperio  1
Affiliations

Detection and Comparison of Bioactive Compounds in Different Extracts of Two Hazelnut Skin Varieties, Tonda Gentile Romana and Tonda Di Giffoni, Using a Metabolomics Approach

Veronica Lelli et al. Metabolites. .

Abstract

Agro-wastes are one of the major sources for nutritional and therapeutic benefits along with other beneficial properties. Dark brown pellicular pericarp (skin or testa), covering the hazelnut seed, is removed before consumption after the roasting of a kernel. Defatted skins of both hazelnut varieties, Tonda Gentile Romana and Tonda di Giffoni, were profiled by a metabolomics-based approach and this was used to discriminate between these two different hazelnut cultivars. In particular, an untargeted metabolomic extract from hazelnut by-products was investigated by UHPLC-Mass spectrometry followed by multivariate statistics analysis, and significant qualitative and quantitative metabolic differences were observed between them. Samples were also assessed for their total phenolic and antioxidant capacity using two different assays. Although no significant differences were found in total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity, the Flavone, Flavonol, Flavonoid, and Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis pathway was significantly higher in the Romana rather than in the Giffoni variety, whereas Myricetin and Syringetin compounds were more representative in Giffoni cultivars. These results indicated that hazelnut skin, especially from the Romana variety, could potentially be used as an ingredient in healthy food. Healthy food is a new food category with an expanding demand from future generations.

Keywords: hazelnut skin; nutraceuticals; phenolic compounds; untargeted metabolomic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Principal component analysis (PCA) scores plot. The PCA scores plot shows a clear segregation of Tonda di Giffoni and Romana samples, indicating that Tonda di Giffoni and Tonda Gentile Romana have different metabolic profiles.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Metabolic Pathway Analysis (MetPA). All the matched pathways are displayed as circles. The colour and size of each circle are based on the p-value and pathway impact value, respectively. The graph was obtained by plotting the −log of p values from the pathway enrichment analysis on the y-axis and the pathway impact values derived from the pathway topology analysis on the x-axis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The level of metabolites involved in the Flavonol biosynthesis were analyzed in Giffoni and Romana hazelnut skin. Values are presented as the mean ± SD. *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The figure represents metabolites involved in the Phenilpropanoid biosynthesis found in different concentrations in the two varieties of hazelnut skin. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. *** (p ≤ 0.001).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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