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Review
. 2021 May 12;14(10):2498.
doi: 10.3390/ma14102498.

Cardiovascular Stents: A Review of Past, Current, and Emerging Devices

Alexandru Scafa Udriște  1   2 , Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu  3 , Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu  4   5 , Elisabeta Bădilă  1   6
Affiliations
Review

Cardiovascular Stents: A Review of Past, Current, and Emerging Devices

Alexandru Scafa Udriște et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is coronary artery disease, a condition characterized by the narrowing of the artery due to plaque deposits. The standard of care for treating this disease is the introduction of a stent at the lesion site. This life-saving tubular device ensures vessel support, keeping the blood-flow path open so that the cardiac muscle receives its vital nutrients and oxygen supply. Several generations of stents have been iteratively developed towards improving patient outcomes and diminishing adverse side effects following the implanting procedure. Moving from bare-metal stents to drug-eluting stents, and recently reaching bioresorbable stents, this research field is under continuous development. To keep up with how stent technology has advanced in the past few decades, this paper reviews the evolution of these devices, focusing on how they can be further optimized towards creating an ideal vascular scaffold.

Keywords: cardiovascular stents; stent optimization; stent platform materials; surface functionalization.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cardiovascular stents evolution—a brief timeline. Created based on information from the literature [7,27,28,29].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Medical applications of stents. Created based on information from [20].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cross-section view of a drug-eluting stent strut. Created based on information from the literature [50,51].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Disintegration steps of polymer-based bioresorbable stents. Created based on information from the literature [103,104,105,106].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Disintegration of metal-based bioresorbable stents. Reprinted from an open-access source [109].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic representation of an ideal stent’s properties. Created based on information from the literature [23,82,84,103,135].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Various stent platforms. (a) PLGA bioresorbable polymer constitutive model [2]; (b) edge-rounded PLA biomedical stent [102]; (c) Zn stent with rhombus design [110]; (d) Zn stent with U-design [110]; (e) Zn stent with Omega design [110]; (f) Mg alloy AE21 stents [101]; (g) main vessel stent with side-branch scaffold [140]. Reprinted from open-access sources.
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