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. 2021 May 12;18(10):5128.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105128.

Immobilization of Cadmium by Molecular Sieve and Wollastonite Is Soil pH and Organic Matter Dependent

Meiliang Dong  1   2 , Rong Huang  1   2 , Peng Mao  1 , Long Lei  1   2 , Yongxing Li  1 , Yingwen Li  1 , Hanping Xia  1 , Zhian Li  1   3 , Ping Zhuang  1   3
Affiliations

Immobilization of Cadmium by Molecular Sieve and Wollastonite Is Soil pH and Organic Matter Dependent

Meiliang Dong et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

The excessive cadmium (Cd) concentration in agricultural products has become a major public concern in China in recent years. In this study, two amendments, 4A molecular sieve (MS) and wollastonite (WS), were evaluated for their potential passivation in reducing Cd uptake by amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) in six soils with different properties. Results showed that the responses of amaranth biomass to these amendments were soil-property-dependent. The effects of MS and WS on soil available Cd were in turn dependent on soil and amendment properties. The application of WS and MS at a dose of 660 mg·kg-1 Si produced the optimum effect on inhibiting Cd accumulation in amaranth shoots (36% and 34%, respectively) and did not affect crop yield. This was predominantly attributed to the marked increase in pH and exogenous Ca or Na, which facilitated the adsorption, precipitation, and complexation of Cd in soils. The immobilization effects of WS and MS were dependent on soil properties, where soil organic matter may have played an important role. In conclusion, MS and WS possess great potential for the remediation of Cd-contaminated acidic soils.

Keywords: cadmium; competitive adsorption; immobilization; molecular sieve; organic matter; wollastonite.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Dry weight of amaranth shoot in six Cd-contaminated soils under 440 mg·kg−1 Si treatments (A) and in soil 3 under 0, 220, 440, 660, and 880 mg·kg−1 Si added dosages (B). Control, non-amendment treatment; MS, 4A molecular sieve; WS, wollastonite. Data are means ± SE (n = 4). Different letters above the adjacent bars or lines denote a significant (p < 0.05) difference among the treatments in the same soil.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cd concentration of amaranth shoot in six Cd-contaminated soils under 440 mg·kg−1 Si treatments (A) and in soil 3 under 0, 220, 440, 660, and 880 mg·kg−1 added Si dosages (B). Control, non-amendment treatment; MS, 4A molecular sieve; WS, wollastonite. Data are means ± SE (n = 4). Different letters above the adjacent bars or lines denote a significant (p < 0.05) difference among the treatments in the same soil.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of amendments on the Cd availability and Cd immobilization rate (%) in 440 mg·kg−1 Si amended six soils (A,B) and in soil 3 under 0, 220, 440, 660, and 880 mg·kg−1 Si added dosages (C,D). Control, non-amendment treatment; MS, 4A molecular sieve; WS, wollastonite. Data are means ± SE (n = 4). Different letters above the adjacent bars or lines denote a significant (p < 0.05) difference among the treatments in the same soil.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of amendments on the fraction changes of Cd in 440 mg·kg−1 Si amended six soils (A) and in soil 3 under 0, 220, 440, 660, and 880 mg·kg−1 Si added dosages (B). Control, non-amendment treatment; MS, 4A molecular sieve; WS, wollastonite. F1—exchangeable fraction, F2—bound to carbonates/acid soluble fraction, F3—bound to iron and manganese oxides/reducible fraction, F4—bound to organic matter/oxidizable fraction, and F5—residual fraction.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot of the selected soil properties and Cd accumulation dataset. Labeling corresponds to the treatments. OM: organic matter; Shoot-Cd: Cd concentration of amaranth shoot. CEC: cation exchange capacity; A-Cd/Ca/Na: soil available Cd/Ca/Na. MS, 4A molecular sieve; WS, wollastonite.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Response surfaces showing the interactive effects of soil pH and OM on Cd immobilization rate in six soils and reduction rate of shoot Cd by 4A molecular sieve and wollastonite.
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