Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 May 6;6(2):70.
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020070.

High Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Healthcare Facilities and Its Related Factors in Myanmar (2018-2019)

Pan Ei Soe  1 , Wai Wai Han  2 , Karuna D Sagili  3 , Srinath Satyanarayana  3 , Priyanka Shrestha  4 , Thi Thi Htoon  1 , Htay Htay Tin  1
Affiliations

High Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Healthcare Facilities and Its Related Factors in Myanmar (2018-2019)

Pan Ei Soe et al. Trop Med Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health problem. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a common bacterium associated with a variety of community and hospital infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for most SA related morbidity and mortality. In this study, we determined the prevalence and factors associated with SA and MRSA in Myanmar.

Methods: We collected the data retrospectively by reviewing an electronic register containing the results of bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing of biological specimens received from healthcare facilities during 2018-2019.

Results: Of the 37,798 biological specimens with bacterial culture growth, 22% (8244) were Gram-positive. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, 42% (2801) were SA, of which 48% (1331) were judged as MRSA by phenotypic methods. The prevalence of MRSA was higher in the older age groups, in female patients, in urine specimens and specimens received from the intensive care unit and dermatology departments. One site (Site F) had the highest MRSA prevalence of the seven AMR sentinel sites. Most SA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin (90%) by phenotypic methods.

Conclusions: The high prevalence of MRSA indicates a major public health threat. There is an urgent need to strengthen the AMR surveillance and hospital infection control program in Myanmar.

Keywords: Gram-positive bacteria; MRSA; SORT IT; antimicrobial resistance; hospital infections; operations research.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of seven AMR sentinel sites in Myanmar.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Results of culture and drug susceptibility testing of samples received at seven AMR sentinel sites in Myanmar in 2018–2019 and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. C&S = culture and sensitivity. MRSA = Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MSSA = Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. AMR = Antimicrobial Resistance.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Prestinaci F., Pezzotti P., Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog. Glob. Health. 2015;109:309–318. doi: 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner N.A., Sharma-Kuinkel B.K., Maskarinec S.A., Eichenberger E.M., Shah P.P., Carugati M., Holland T.L., Fowler V.G. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview of basic and clinical research. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019;17:203–218. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0147-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kourtis A.P., Hatfield K., Baggs J., Mu Y., See I., Epson E., Nadle J., Kainer M.A., Dumyati G., Petit S., et al. Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections—United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2019 doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6809e1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mendes R.E., Mendoza M., Banga Singh K.K., Castanheira M., Bell J.M., Turnidge J.D., Lin S.S.F., Jones R.N. Regional resistance surveillance program results for 12 Asia-Pacific nations (2011) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2013;57:5721–5726. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01121-13. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhen X., Lundborg C.S., Zhang M., Sun X., Li Y., Hu X., Gu S., Gu Y., Wei J., Dong H. Clinical and economic impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A multicentre study in China. Sci. Rep. 2020 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60825-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources