Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 May 17;22(10):5277.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22105277.

Regulation of Inflammatory Reaction in Health and Disease

Massimo Fioranelli  1 , Maria Grazia Roccia  1 , Dana Flavin  2 , Linda Cota  2
Affiliations
Review

Regulation of Inflammatory Reaction in Health and Disease

Massimo Fioranelli et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Inflammation is a key mechanism for the clearance of infective agents and other inflammatory triggers and is pivotal for the repairing processes of the affected tissues. Inflammation is a multistep process driven by a great number of mediators which regulate specific aspects of the inflammatory response, in agreement with a well-defined chronobiological program. A great number of inflammation-related diseases show a deeply altered immune chronobiology (e.g., COVID-19-related cytokines storm). This aspect highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the inflammatory phenomenon. It is fundamental to study inflammation as a multilevel phenomenon. Of particular interest is the low-grade chronic inflammation, which is an etiological factor of many chronic diseases. Nowadays, the therapeutic approach to low grade chronic inflammation is one of the great challenges of traditional pharmacology. Currently, no drugs specifically designed for the treatment of chronic inflammatory forms are available. Today, bioregulatory systems medicine (BrSM) and low dose medicine (LDM), two pharmacological paradigms grounded in systems medicine, potentially represent new tools for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. Scientific research has assessed the effectiveness and safety of both these therapeutic approaches, in particular for the management of chronic inflammatory conditions and chronic immunological dysregulations.

Keywords: low dose medicine; low grade chronic inflammation; psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology; systems medicine (SM).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cytokines chronobiological pattern in normal inflammatory condition.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Altered cytokines chronobiological pattern in chronic inflammatory condition.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Correlation between inflammation and some chronic diseases.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Synoptic diagram of the biological actions performed by each component of Tr14.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Interleukin-4, TGF-beta and IFN-gamma are physiological regulators of lipoxygenase expression and suggest an important link between 15-lipoxygenase function and the immune/inflammatory response.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Tracy R.P. The five cardinal signs of inflammation: Calor, dolor, rubor, tumor… and penuria (apologies to Aulus Cornelius Celsus, De Medicina, c. A.D. 25) J. Gerontol. Ser. A. 2006;61:1051–1052. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.10.1051. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Scott A., Khan K., Cook J.L., Duronio V. What is “inflammation”? Are we ready to move beyond Celsus? Br. J. Sports Med. 2004;38:248–249. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.011221. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature. 2008;454:428–435. doi: 10.1038/nature07201. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chen L., Deng H., Cui H., Fang J., Zuo Z., Deng J., Li Y., Wang X., Zhao L. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9:7204–7218. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.23208. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Costela-Ruiz V.J., Illescas-Montes R., Puerta-Puerta J.M., Ruiz C., Melguizo-Rodríguez L. SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;54:62–75. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed