Self-Powered Smart Beehive Monitoring and Control System (SBMaCS)

Abstract

Beekeeping in Africa has been practiced for many years through successive generations and along inherited patterns. Beekeepers continue to face challenges in accessing consistent and business-driven markets for their bee products. In addition, the honeybee populations are decreasing due to colony collapse disorder (CCD), fire, loss of bees in swarming, honey buggers and other animals, moths, starvation, cold weather, and Varoa mites. The main issues are related to un-controlled temperature, humidity, and traditional management of beekeeping. These challenges result in low production of honey and colony losses. The control of the environmental conditions within and surrounding the beehives are not available to beekeepers due to the lack of monitoring systems. A Smart Beehive System using Internet of Things (IoT) technology would allow beekeepers to keep track of the amount of honey created in their hives and bee colonies even when they are far from their hives, through mobile phones, which would curtail the challenges currently faced by the beekeepers. However, there are challenges in the design of energy-efficient embedded electronic devices for IoT. A promising solution is to provide energy autonomy to the IoT nodes that will harvest residual energy from ambient sources, such as motion, vibrations, light, or heat. This paper proposes a Self-Powered Smart Beehive Monitoring and Control System (SBMaCS) using IoT to support remote follow-up and control, enhancing bee colonies' security and thus increasing the honey productivity. First, we develop the SBMaCS hardware prototype interconnecting various sensors, such as temperature sensor, humidity sensor, piezoelectric transducer-which will work as a weight sensor-motion sensor, and flame sensor. Second, we introduce energy harvesting models to self-power the SBMaCS by analyzing the (i) energy harvested from adult bees' vibrations, (ii) energy harvesting through the piezoelectric transducer, and (iii) radio frequency energy harvesting. Third, we develop a mobile phone application that interacts with the SBMaCS hardware to monitor and control the various parameters related to the beehives. Finally, the SBMaCS PCB layout is also designed. SBMaCS will help beekeepers to successfully monitor and control some important smart beekeeping activities wherever they are using their mobile phone application.

Keywords: Smart Beehive Monitoring and Control System (SBMaCS); beekeeping; bees’ vibration; energy harvesting; piezoelectric transducer; smart beehive.

Figure 1

SBMaCS architecture.

Figure 2

Schematic design of SBMaCS.

Figure 3

SBMaCS system interaction.

Figure 4

Piezoelectric energy harvester circuit.

Figure 5

Schematic diagram of piezoelectric energy harvester based on transducer and bees’ vibration.

Figure 6

Structure of RF energy harvesters.

Figure 7

Basic RF energy harvesting system.

Figure 8

Piezoelectric energy harvesting prototype design.

Figure 8

Piezoelectric energy harvesting prototype design.

Figure 9

RF energy harvested vs. distance.

Figure 10

Graph of power harvested vs. power consumed.

Figure 11

Data scheduling power-saving model.

Figure 12

Graph comparing generated power and power consumed.

Figure 13

Lab-based experiment of the system.

Figure 14

Temperature and humidity results.

Figure 15

Temperature and humidity relation.

Figure 16

Mobil application user interface for SBMaCS.

Figure 17

Temperature vs. time.

Figure 18

Gas vs. time.

Figure 19

Different graphs of humidity, temperature, and weight.

Figure 20

Graph of shutting down the system.

Figure 21

The graph of bees’ motion.

Figure 22

Control buttons in the mobile application of SBMaCS.

Figure 23

Design of the printed circuit board of the smart beehive mobile application system.