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Review
. 2021 May 29;14(11):2939.
doi: 10.3390/ma14112939.

Application of Advanced Nanomaterials for Kidney Failure Treatment and Regeneration

Aziz Eftekhari  1   2 , Solmaz Maleki Dizaj  3 , Elham Ahmadian  4 , Agata Przekora  5 , Seyed Mahdi Hosseiniyan Khatibi  4 , Mohammadreza Ardalan  4 , Sepideh Zununi Vahed  4 , Mahbuba Valiyeva  6 , Sevil Mehraliyeva  6 , Rovshan Khalilov  2   7   8 , Mohammad Hasanzadeh  9
Affiliations
Review

Application of Advanced Nanomaterials for Kidney Failure Treatment and Regeneration

Aziz Eftekhari et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The implementation of nanomedicine not only provides enhanced drug solubility and reduced off-target adverse effects, but also offers novel theranostic approaches in clinical practice. The increasing number of studies on the application of nanomaterials in kidney therapies has provided hope in a more efficient strategy for the treatment of renal diseases. The combination of biotechnology, material science and nanotechnology has rapidly gained momentum in the realm of therapeutic medicine. The establishment of the bedrock of this emerging field has been initiated and an exponential progress is observed which might significantly improve the quality of human life. In this context, several approaches based on nanomaterials have been applied in the treatment and regeneration of renal tissue. The presented review article in detail describes novel strategies for renal failure treatment with the use of various nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes, nanofibrous membranes), mesenchymal stem cells-derived nanovesicles, and nanomaterial-based adsorbents and membranes that are used in wearable blood purification systems and synthetic kidneys.

Keywords: carbon nanotubes; electrospinning; exosomes; kidney regeneration; nanofibers; nanovesicles; synthetic kidney; therapeutic nanomedicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Induction of acute kidney injury (AKI) in animal models and the role of polyethylene glycol-incorporated (PEGylated) Mn2+-chelated melanin nanoparticles (MMPP NPs): (a) Schematic diagram of the formation of an animal AKI model and their treatment with MMPP nanoparticles; (b,c) kidney function in normal and AKI mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or MMPP nanoparticles; (d) H&E-staining of renal tissues from healthy and AKI mice treated with PBS or MMPP nanoparticles; (e) confocal images of dihydroethidium (DHE) and DAPI-staining of renal tissues from normal and AKI mice treated with PBS or MMPP nanoparticles. *** p < 0.001 in compared with PBS-treated AKI controls. Reproduced with permission [67]. 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Assembly of the CNT siRNA structure: (a) A representation of the noncovalent bonding interactions between siRNA and fCNT; (b) The fluorescence quenching titration of siEGFP-Cy3 with fCNT and fitted binding isotherm (dashed line); (c) Relative fluorescence intensity as a function of siEGFP-Cy3/fCNT molar ratio and graphical interpolation of the curve; (d) TEM images of solid-state fCNT and fCNT/siEGFP (1:1 complex). Reproduced with permission [87]. Copyright 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The protective role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC)-derived nanovesicles in an experimental model of glomerulonephritis. These nanovesicles can inhibit mesangial cell proliferation, inflammatory response and proteinuria in the induced glomerulonephritis in vivo.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Bottom-up method to generate bioactive UPy-U membranes; (b) dimers are produced via Fourfold hydrogen bonding ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties and load in lateral manner through extra hydrogen bonding in the middle of urea (U) functionalities; therefore, turning into nanofiber structures; (c) the representation of kidney and its different segments. Reproduced with permission [123]. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The synthesis and function of nanofiber meshes utilized in wearable blood purification systems.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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