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Review
. 2021 May 29;11(6):411.
doi: 10.3390/membranes11060411.

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings, Challenges, and Future Applications

Nader Kameli  1   2 , Anya Dragojlovic-Kerkache  1 , Paul Savelkoul  1   3 , Frank R Stassen  1
Affiliations
Review

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings, Challenges, and Future Applications

Nader Kameli et al. Membranes (Basel). .

Abstract

In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have gained the interest of many experts in fields such as microbiology and immunology, and research in this field has exponentially increased. These nano-sized particles have provided researchers with a number of interesting findings, making their application in human health and disease very promising. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PDEVs can exhibit a multitude of effects, suggesting that these vesicles may have many potential future applications, including therapeutics and nano-delivery of compounds. While the preliminary results are promising, there are still some challenges to face, such as a lack of protocol standardization, as well as knowledge gaps that need to be filled. This review aims to discuss various aspects of PDEV knowledge, including their preliminary findings, challenges, and future uses, giving insight into the complexity of conducting research in this field.

Keywords: extracellular vesicles; immunomodulatory effects; intestinal homeostasis; plant EVs; therapeutic applications.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biological functions of plant-derived EVs (grape, broccoli, ginger, and grapefruit) in intestinal tissue and microbial composition. These EVs have a valid role in protection against inflammation and intestinal permeability, and they also participate in shaping the microbial composition.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Plant derived EVs (ginger and grapefruit) as drug delivery systems and therapeutic agents. (A) Grapefruit. (B) Ginger.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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